Android java lang system

Краткое руководство по java.lang.Система

Изучите все классные советы и рекомендации, о которых вы никогда не слышали, с помощью java.lang.Система, например, как перенаправить System.out и безопасное использование System.nanoTime

Автор: baeldung
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1. Обзор

В этом уроке мы быстро рассмотрим файл java.lang.System класс и его особенности и основные функциональные возможности.

System является частью java.lang , и одна из его основных функций-предоставить нам доступ к стандартным потокам ввода-вывода.

Проще говоря, он выставляет три поля, по одному для каждого потока:

2.1. System.out

System.out указывает на стандартный выходной поток, выставляя его как PrintStream , и мы можем использовать его для печати текста на консоль:

Расширенное использование System заключается в вызове System.setOut , который мы можем использовать для настройки местоположения, в которое System.out будет писать:

2.2. System.err

System.err очень похоже на System.out . Оба поля являются экземплярами PrintStream, и оба предназначены для печати сообщений на консоль.

Но System.err представляет собой стандартную ошибку, и мы используем ее специально для вывода сообщений об ошибках:

Консоли часто отображают поток ошибок иначе, чем выходной поток.

Для получения дополнительной информации обратитесь к документации PrintStream .

2.3. System.in

System.in указывает на стандарт in, выставляя его как InputStream, и мы можем использовать его для чтения входных данных с консоли.

И хотя мы немного больше вовлечены, мы все еще можем справиться:

Вызывая System.in.read , приложение останавливается и ждет ввода от стандартного in. Какой бы ни была следующая длина байта, она будет считана из потока и сохранена в массиве байтов.

Все остальное , введенное пользователем, остается в потоке , ожидая другого вызова для чтения.

Конечно, работа на таком низком уровне может быть сложной и подверженной ошибкам, поэтому мы можем немного очистить ее с помощью BufferedReader :

При приведенном выше расположении readLine будет читать из System.in пока пользователь не нажмет return, что немного ближе к тому, что мы могли бы ожидать.

Обратите внимание, что мы намеренно не закрываем поток в этом случае. Закрытие стандарта in означает, что он не может быть прочитан снова в течение всего жизненного цикла программы!

И, наконец, расширенное использование System.in is to call System.setting to redirect it to a different InputStream .

3. Полезные Методы

Система предоставляет нам множество методов, чтобы помочь нам с такими вещами, как:

  • Доступ к консоли
  • Копирование массивов
  • Дата и время наблюдения
  • Выход из JRE
  • Доступ к свойствам среды выполнения
  • Доступ к переменным среды и
  • Администрирование сборки мусора

3.1. Доступ к консоли

Java 1.6 ввела другой способ взаимодействия с консолью, чем просто прямое использование System.out и in .

Мы можем получить доступ к нему, вызвав System.console :

Обратите внимание, что в зависимости от базовой операционной системы и того, как мы запускаем Java для запуска текущей программы, console может возвращать null, поэтому всегда обязательно проверяйте перед использованием .

Для получения дополнительной информации ознакомьтесь с документацией Console .

3.2. Копирование Массивов

System.arraycopy -это старый способ копирования одного массива в другой в стиле Си.

В основном, arraycopy предназначен для копирования одного полного массива в другой массив:

Однако мы можем указать начальную позицию для обоих массивов, а также количество элементов для копирования.

Например, предположим , что мы хотим скопировать 2 элемента из a , начиная с a[1] в b , начиная с b[3] :

Кроме того, помните, что arraycopy будет бросать:

  • NullPointerException если любой массив равен null
  • IndexOutOfBoundsException если копия ссылается на любой массив за пределами его диапазона
  • ArrayStoreException если копия приводит к несоответствию типов

3.3. Дата и время наблюдения

Есть два метода, связанных со временем в System . Один из них – currentTimeMillis , а другой – nanoTime .

currentTimeMillis возвращает количество миллисекунд, прошедших с начала эпохи Unix, то есть 1 января 1970 года в 12:00 по UTC:

nanoTime возвращает время относительно запуска JVM. Мы можем вызвать его несколько раз, чтобы отметить прохождение времени в приложении:

Обратите внимание, что поскольку nanoTime настолько мелкозернист, безопаснее делать EndTime – startTime Метки

Источник

Android java lang system

Among the facilities provided by the System class are standard input, standard output, and error output streams; access to externally defined properties and environment variables; a means of loading files and libraries; and a utility method for quickly copying a portion of an array.

Field Summary

Fields
Modifier and Type Field and Description
static PrintStream err

Method Summary

All Methods Static Methods Concrete Methods Deprecated Methods
Modifier and Type Method and Description
static void arraycopy (Object src, int srcPos, Object dest, int destPos, int length)

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

Field Detail

For simple stand-alone Java applications, a typical way to write a line of output data is:

See the println methods in class PrintStream .

Typically this stream corresponds to display output or another output destination specified by the host environment or user. By convention, this output stream is used to display error messages or other information that should come to the immediate attention of a user even if the principal output stream, the value of the variable out , has been redirected to a file or other destination that is typically not continuously monitored.

Method Detail

setIn

First, if there is a security manager, its checkPermission method is called with a RuntimePermission(«setIO») permission to see if it’s ok to reassign the «standard» input stream.

setOut

First, if there is a security manager, its checkPermission method is called with a RuntimePermission(«setIO») permission to see if it’s ok to reassign the «standard» output stream.

setErr

First, if there is a security manager, its checkPermission method is called with a RuntimePermission(«setIO») permission to see if it’s ok to reassign the «standard» error output stream.

console

inheritedChannel

This method returns the channel obtained by invoking the inheritedChannel method of the system-wide default SelectorProvider object.

In addition to the network-oriented channels described in inheritedChannel , this method may return other kinds of channels in the future.

setSecurityManager

If there is a security manager already installed, this method first calls the security manager’s checkPermission method with a RuntimePermission(«setSecurityManager») permission to ensure it’s ok to replace the existing security manager. This may result in throwing a SecurityException .

Otherwise, the argument is established as the current security manager. If the argument is null and no security manager has been established, then no action is taken and the method simply returns.

getSecurityManager

currentTimeMillis

See the description of the class Date for a discussion of slight discrepancies that may arise between «computer time» and coordinated universal time (UTC).

nanoTime

This method can only be used to measure elapsed time and is not related to any other notion of system or wall-clock time. The value returned represents nanoseconds since some fixed but arbitrary origin time (perhaps in the future, so values may be negative). The same origin is used by all invocations of this method in an instance of a Java virtual machine; other virtual machine instances are likely to use a different origin.

This method provides nanosecond precision, but not necessarily nanosecond resolution (that is, how frequently the value changes) — no guarantees are made except that the resolution is at least as good as that of currentTimeMillis() .

Differences in successive calls that span greater than approximately 292 years (2 63 nanoseconds) will not correctly compute elapsed time due to numerical overflow.

The values returned by this method become meaningful only when the difference between two such values, obtained within the same instance of a Java virtual machine, is computed.

For example, to measure how long some code takes to execute:

To compare two nanoTime values one should use t1 — t0 , not t1 , because of the possibility of numerical overflow.

arraycopy

If the src and dest arguments refer to the same array object, then the copying is performed as if the components at positions srcPos through srcPos+length-1 were first copied to a temporary array with length components and then the contents of the temporary array were copied into positions destPos through destPos+length-1 of the destination array.

If dest is null , then a NullPointerException is thrown.

If src is null , then a NullPointerException is thrown and the destination array is not modified.

Otherwise, if any of the following is true, an ArrayStoreException is thrown and the destination is not modified:

  • The src argument refers to an object that is not an array.
  • The dest argument refers to an object that is not an array.
  • The src argument and dest argument refer to arrays whose component types are different primitive types.
  • The src argument refers to an array with a primitive component type and the dest argument refers to an array with a reference component type.
  • The src argument refers to an array with a reference component type and the dest argument refers to an array with a primitive component type.

Otherwise, if any of the following is true, an IndexOutOfBoundsException is thrown and the destination is not modified:

  • The srcPos argument is negative.
  • The destPos argument is negative.
  • The length argument is negative.
  • srcPos+length is greater than src.length , the length of the source array.
  • destPos+length is greater than dest.length , the length of the destination array.

Otherwise, if any actual component of the source array from position srcPos through srcPos+length-1 cannot be converted to the component type of the destination array by assignment conversion, an ArrayStoreException is thrown. In this case, let k be the smallest nonnegative integer less than length such that src[srcPos+ k ] cannot be converted to the component type of the destination array; when the exception is thrown, source array components from positions srcPos through srcPos+ k -1 will already have been copied to destination array positions destPos through destPos+ k -1 and no other positions of the destination array will have been modified. (Because of the restrictions already itemized, this paragraph effectively applies only to the situation where both arrays have component types that are reference types.)

identityHashCode

getProperties

First, if there is a security manager, its checkPropertiesAccess method is called with no arguments. This may result in a security exception.

The current set of system properties for use by the getProperty(String) method is returned as a Properties object. If there is no current set of system properties, a set of system properties is first created and initialized. This set of system properties always includes values for the following keys:

Key Description of Associated Value
java.version Java Runtime Environment version
java.vendor Java Runtime Environment vendor
java.vendor.url Java vendor URL
java.home Java installation directory
java.vm.specification.version Java Virtual Machine specification version
java.vm.specification.vendor Java Virtual Machine specification vendor
java.vm.specification.name Java Virtual Machine specification name
java.vm.version Java Virtual Machine implementation version
java.vm.vendor Java Virtual Machine implementation vendor
java.vm.name Java Virtual Machine implementation name
java.specification.version Java Runtime Environment specification version
java.specification.vendor Java Runtime Environment specification vendor
java.specification.name Java Runtime Environment specification name
java.class.version Java class format version number
java.class.path Java class path
java.library.path List of paths to search when loading libraries
java.io.tmpdir Default temp file path
java.compiler Name of JIT compiler to use
java.ext.dirs Path of extension directory or directories Deprecated. This property, and the mechanism which implements it, may be removed in a future release.
os.name Operating system name
os.arch Operating system architecture
os.version Operating system version
file.separator File separator («/» on UNIX)
path.separator Path separator («:» on UNIX)
line.separator Line separator («\n» on UNIX)
user.name User’s account name
user.home User’s home directory
user.dir User’s current working directory

Multiple paths in a system property value are separated by the path separator character of the platform.

Note that even if the security manager does not permit the getProperties operation, it may choose to permit the getProperty(String) operation.

lineSeparator

On UNIX systems, it returns «\n» ; on Microsoft Windows systems it returns «\r\n» .

setProperties

First, if there is a security manager, its checkPropertiesAccess method is called with no arguments. This may result in a security exception.

The argument becomes the current set of system properties for use by the getProperty(String) method. If the argument is null , then the current set of system properties is forgotten.

getProperty

First, if there is a security manager, its checkPropertyAccess method is called with the key as its argument. This may result in a SecurityException.

If there is no current set of system properties, a set of system properties is first created and initialized in the same manner as for the getProperties method.

getProperty

First, if there is a security manager, its checkPropertyAccess method is called with the key as its argument.

If there is no current set of system properties, a set of system properties is first created and initialized in the same manner as for the getProperties method.

setProperty

First, if a security manager exists, its SecurityManager.checkPermission method is called with a PropertyPermission(key, «write») permission. This may result in a SecurityException being thrown. If no exception is thrown, the specified property is set to the given value.

clearProperty

First, if a security manager exists, its SecurityManager.checkPermission method is called with a PropertyPermission(key, «write») permission. This may result in a SecurityException being thrown. If no exception is thrown, the specified property is removed.

getenv

If a security manager exists, its checkPermission method is called with a RuntimePermission («getenv.»+name) permission. This may result in a SecurityException being thrown. If no exception is thrown the value of the variable name is returned.

System properties and environment variables are both conceptually mappings between names and values. Both mechanisms can be used to pass user-defined information to a Java process. Environment variables have a more global effect, because they are visible to all descendants of the process which defines them, not just the immediate Java subprocess. They can have subtly different semantics, such as case insensitivity, on different operating systems. For these reasons, environment variables are more likely to have unintended side effects. It is best to use system properties where possible. Environment variables should be used when a global effect is desired, or when an external system interface requires an environment variable (such as PATH ).

On UNIX systems the alphabetic case of name is typically significant, while on Microsoft Windows systems it is typically not. For example, the expression System.getenv(«FOO»).equals(System.getenv(«foo»)) is likely to be true on Microsoft Windows.

getenv

If the system does not support environment variables, an empty map is returned.

The returned map will never contain null keys or values. Attempting to query the presence of a null key or value will throw a NullPointerException . Attempting to query the presence of a key or value which is not of type String will throw a ClassCastException .

The returned map and its collection views may not obey the general contract of the Object.equals(java.lang.Object) and Object.hashCode() methods.

The returned map is typically case-sensitive on all platforms.

If a security manager exists, its checkPermission method is called with a RuntimePermission («getenv.*») permission. This may result in a SecurityException being thrown.

When passing information to a Java subprocess, system properties are generally preferred over environment variables.

This method calls the exit method in class Runtime . This method never returns normally.

The call System.exit(n) is effectively equivalent to the call:

Calling the gc method suggests that the Java Virtual Machine expend effort toward recycling unused objects in order to make the memory they currently occupy available for quick reuse. When control returns from the method call, the Java Virtual Machine has made a best effort to reclaim space from all discarded objects.

The call System.gc() is effectively equivalent to the call:

runFinalization

Calling this method suggests that the Java Virtual Machine expend effort toward running the finalize methods of objects that have been found to be discarded but whose finalize methods have not yet been run. When control returns from the method call, the Java Virtual Machine has made a best effort to complete all outstanding finalizations.

The call System.runFinalization() is effectively equivalent to the call:

runFinalizersOnExit

If there is a security manager, its checkExit method is first called with 0 as its argument to ensure the exit is allowed. This could result in a SecurityException.

The call System.load(name) is effectively equivalent to the call:

loadLibrary

The call System.loadLibrary(name) is effectively equivalent to the call

mapLibraryName

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  • Detail:
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For further API reference and developer documentation, see Java SE Documentation. That documentation contains more detailed, developer-targeted descriptions, with conceptual overviews, definitions of terms, workarounds, and working code examples.
Copyright © 1993, 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Use is subject to license terms. Also see the documentation redistribution policy.

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