Android manifest permission microphone

Подменяем Runtime permissions в Android

Здравствуйте, меня зовут Виталий.

Мне 25 лет, закончил магистратуру СПБГЭТУ «ЛЭТИ» в своем родном городе. Уже 10 лет занимаюсь программированием, из которых 4 пишу под Android. Автор многих Homebrew программ, известный под ником VITTACH, для Sony PlayStation Portable (PSP).

Сегодня я бы хотел обсудить с вами проблему безопасности мобильных приложений. Разработчики из Google постоянно улучшают Android, находя и исправляя уязвимости не без помощи обширного сообщества, собранного благодаря программе Android Security Rewards, о которой мы поговорим позже. Тем не менее, проблемы все еще остаются, и наша общая задача как коммьюнити сообщать о них, чтобы их своевременно исправляли.

Уязвимость о которой я буду говорить, относится к классу с Priority:​ P2 и Severity:​ S2, что согласно таблице в широком смысле означает:

Проблему, которую необходимо решить в разумные сроки;

Проблему, которая важна для большого процента пользователей и связана с основными функциями.

Runtime permission

Речь в статье пойдет о такой известной всем разработчикам вещи как Runtime permission, а именно – о возможности введения в заблуждение конечного пользователя путем демонстрации диалогового окна выдачи разрешения со своим текстом и иконкой поверх системного. Нетрудно догадаться, что подобный подход позволил бы разработчикам запрашивать у пользователя разрешение, скажем, к файловой системе, а по факту – к выдаче доступа к геопозиционированию, камере или чему-то еще.

Это невозможно

Не один раз задавался подобный вопрос на специализированных форумах, в частности на StackOverflow. Единственным правильным ответом было то, что это невозможно. И это действительно так: невозможно подменить текст в самом системном диалоге, но возможно его перекрыть своим.

Что под капотом

Runtime Permission впервые появились в Android 6.0 в ответ на потребность повышенного внимания в области выдачи dangerous-разрешений. Фактически основная идея состоит в том, чтобы взаимодействовать с пользователем при запросе разрешений через всплывающее окно. Поэтому теперь разрешения из списка dangerous необходимо запрашивать у пользователя как только они понадобятся приложению.

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Получение разрешения на доступ к микрофону после записи речи

Я создаю приложение, которое записывает речь пользователя, а затем преобразовывает его в текстовый формат. Я пытаюсь получить разрешение на доступ к микрофону сразу после того, как пользователь нажмет кнопку записи. Но я получаю разрешение на приглашение после записи речи. Куда я иду не так?

Ниже приведены файлы java и xml :

MainActivity.java

AndroidManifest.xml

Обновленные строки кода (MainActivity.java):

2 ответа

Есть несколько проблем с кодом, которые связаны с проблемами, которые вы видите:

1. Независимо от того, было ли вашему приложению предоставлено разрешение на запись звука, оно все равно вызывает promptSpeechInput() . Этого не должно произойти, если у вас нет разрешения. Это означает, что он должен вызываться только если PERMISSION_GRANTED здесь или когда onRequestPermissionResult() вызывается для запроса.
2. Приложение проверяет READ_CONTACTS , а затем запрашивает RECORD_AUDIO .
3. Результат ActivityCompat.shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale() может не соответствовать ожидаемому, если приложение никогда ранее не запрашивало разрешение. Этот метод следует использовать только после того, как приложение запросило и было отказано в разрешении. Он предоставляет вам информацию о том, следует ли вам сообщать пользователю, почему требуется разрешение (и хотят ли они сообщить об этом).

С более новой моделью разрешений работать сложно. Этот доклад о новой модели может оказаться полезным: https://youtu.be/WGz-alwVh8A

Вам также может быть легче работать с этой вспомогательной библиотекой разрешений. Он будет обрабатывать запросы пользователей в рекомендуемых условиях, а также вызывать соответствующий «защищенный» код, когда у приложения есть разрешение: https://github.com/hiqes/andele

У меня сейчас нет рабочего ПК, поэтому я не могу опубликовать код, но я дам вам шаги, чтобы сделать это.

Когда пользователь нажимает кнопку записи, проверьте, предоставлено ли разрешение на запись. Если да, тогда вызовите метод promptSpeechInput (), иначе запросите разрешение на запись.

переопределить void onRequestPermissionsResult (int requestCode, Строковые [] разрешения, int [] grantResults) в вашей деятельности. Внутри этой проверки, если requestCode равен вашему requestCode для разрешения записи, которое вы запрашивали. Если да, то проверьте, предоставлено ли разрешение. Если это предоставлено, тогда вызовите метод promptSpeechInput (), иначе ничего не делайте или вернитесь назад или выйдите. Обоснование не требуется, так как запрос разрешения записи для записи аудио явно понятен. Надеюсь, это понятно. Не стесняйтесь задавать любые вопросы, связанные с шагами.

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Request app permissions

Every Android app runs in a limited-access sandbox. If your app needs to use resources or information outside of its own sandbox, you can declare a permission and set up a permission request that provides this access. These steps are part of the workflow for using permissions.

If you declare any dangerous permissions, and if your app is installed on a device that runs Android 6.0 (API level 23) or higher, you must request the dangerous permissions at runtime by following the steps in this guide.

If you don’t declare any dangerous permissions, or if your app is installed on a device that runs Android 5.1 (API level 22) or lower, the permissions are automatically granted, and you don’t need to complete any of the remaining steps on this page.

Basic principles

The basic principles for requesting permissions at runtime are as follows:

• Ask for permissions in context, when the user starts to interact with the feature that requires it.
• Don’t block the user. Always provide the option to cancel an educational UI flow related to permissions.
• If the user denies or revokes a permission that a feature needs, gracefully degrade your app so that the user can continue using your app, possibly by disabling the feature that requires the permission.
• Don’t assume any system behavior. For example, don’t assume that permissions appear in the same permission group. A permission group merely helps the system minimize the number of system dialogs that are presented to the user when an app requests closely-related permissions.

Workflow for requesting permissions

Before you declare and request runtime permissions in your app, evaluate whether your app needs to do so. You can fulfill many use cases in your app, such as taking photos, pausing media playback, and displaying relevant ads, without needing to declare any permissions.

If you conclude that your app needs to declare and request runtime permissions, complete these steps:

1. In your app’s manifest file, declare the permissions that your app might need to request.
2. Design your app’s UX so that specific actions in your app are associated with specific runtime permissions. Users should know which actions might require them to grant permission for your app to access private user data.
3. Wait for the user to invoke the task or action in your app that requires access to specific private user data. At that time, your app can request the runtime permission that’s required for accessing that data.

Check whether the user has already granted the runtime permission that your app requires. If so, your app can access the private user data. If not, continue to the next step.

You must check whether you have that permission every time you perform an operation that requires that permission.

Check whether your app should show a rationale to the user, explaining why your app needs the user to grant a particular runtime permission. If the system determines that your app shouldn’t show a rationale, continue to the next step directly, without showing a UI element.

If the system determines that your app should show a rationale, however, present the rationale to the user in a UI element. This rationale should clearly explain what data your app is trying to access, and what benefits the app can provide to the user if they grant the runtime permission. After the user acknowledges the rationale, continue to the next step.

Request the runtime permission that your app requires in order to access the private user data. The system displays a runtime permission prompt, such as the one shown on the permissions overview page.

Check the user’s response, whether they chose to grant or deny the runtime permission.

If the user granted the permission to your app, you can access the private user data. If the user denied the permission instead, gracefully degrade your app experience so that it provides functionality to the user, even without the information that’s protected by that permission.

Figure 1 illustrates the workflow and set of decisions associated with this process:

Figure 1. Diagram that shows the workflow for declaring and requesting runtime permissions on Android.

Determine whether your app was already granted the permission

To check if the user has already granted your app a particular permission, pass that permission into the ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission() method. This method returns either PERMISSION_GRANTED or PERMISSION_DENIED , depending on whether your app has the permission.

Explain why your app needs the permission

If the ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission() method returns PERMISSION_DENIED , call shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale() . If this method returns true , show an educational UI to the user. In this UI, describe why the feature, which the user wants to enable, needs a particular permission.

Additionally, if your app requests a permission related to location, microphone, or camera, consider explaining why your app needs access to this information.

Request permissions

After the user views an educational UI, or the return value of shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale() indicates that you don’t need to show an educational UI this time, request the permission. Users see a system permission dialog, where they can choose whether to grant a particular permission to your app.

Traditionally, you manage a request code yourself as part of the permission request and include this request code in your permission callback logic. Another option is to use the RequestPermission contract, included in an AndroidX library, where you allow the system to manage the permission request code for you. Because using the RequestPermission contract simplifies your logic, it’s recommended that you use it when possible.

Allow the system to manage the permission request code

To allow the system to manage the request code that’s associated with a permissions request, add dependencies on the following libraries in your module’s build.gradle file:

You can then use one of the following classes:

• To request a single permission, use RequestPermission .
• To request multiple permissions at the same time, use RequestMultiplePermissions .

The following steps show how to use the RequestPermission contract. The process is nearly the same for the RequestMultiplePermissions contract.

In your activity or fragment’s initialization logic, pass in an implementation of ActivityResultCallback into a call to registerForActivityResult() . The ActivityResultCallback defines how your app handles the user’s response to the permission request.

Keep a reference to the return value of registerForActivityResult() , which is of type ActivityResultLauncher .

To display the system permissions dialog when necessary, call the launch() method on the instance of ActivityResultLauncher that you saved in the previous step.

After launch() is called, the system permissions dialog appears. When the user makes a choice, the system asynchronously invokes your implementation of ActivityResultCallback , which you defined in the previous step.

Note: Your app cannot customize the dialog that appears when you call launch() . To provide more information or context to the user, change your app’s UI so that it’s easier for users to understand why a feature in your app needs a particular permission. For example, you might change the text in the button that enables the feature.

Also, the text in the system permission dialog references the permission group associated with the permission that you requested. This permission grouping is designed for system ease-of-use, and your app shouldn’t rely on permissions being within or outside of a specific permission group.

The following code snippet shows how to handle the permissions response:

Kotlin

And this code snippet demonstrates the recommended process of checking for a permission, and requesting a permission from the user when necessary:

Kotlin

Manage the permission request code yourself

As an alternative to allowing the system to manage the permission request code, you can manage the permission request code yourself. To do so, include the request code in a call to requestPermissions() .

Note: Your app cannot customize the dialog that appears when you call requestPermissions() . The text in the system permission dialog references a permission group, but this permission grouping is designed for system ease-of-use. Your app shouldn’t rely on permissions being within or outside of a specific permission group.

The following code snippet demonstrates how to request a permission using a request code:

Kotlin

After the user responds to the system permissions dialog, the system then invokes your app’s implementation of onRequestPermissionsResult() . The system passes in the user response to the permission dialog, as well as the request code that you defined, as shown in the following code snippet:

Kotlin

Handle permission denial

If the user denies a permission request, your app should help users understand the implications of denying the permission. In particular, your app should make users aware of the features that don’t work because of the missing permission. When you do so, keep the following best practices in mind:

Guide the user’s attention. Highlight a specific part of your app’s UI where there’s limited functionality because your app doesn’t have the necessary permission. Several examples of what you could do include the following:

• Show a message where the feature’s results or data would have appeared.
• Display a different button that contains an error icon and color.

Be specific. Don’t display a generic message; instead, mention which features are unavailable because your app doesn’t have the necessary permission.

Don’t block the user interface. In other words, don’t display a full-screen warning message that prevents users from continuing to use your app at all.

At the same time, your app should respect the user’s decision to deny a permission. Starting in Android 11 (API level 30), if the user taps Deny for a specific permission more than once during your app’s lifetime of installation on a device, the user doesn’t see the system permissions dialog if your app requests that permission again. The user’s action implies «don’t ask again.» On previous versions, users would see the system permissions dialog each time your app requested a permission, unless the user had previously selected a «don’t ask again» checkbox or option.

In certain situations, the permission might be denied automatically, without the user taking any action. (Similarly, a permission might be granted automatically as well.) It’s important to not assume anything about automatic behavior. Each time your app needs to access functionality that requires a permission, you should check that your app is still granted that permission.

To provide the best user experience when asking for app permissions, also see App permissions best practices.

One-time permissions

Starting in Android 11 (API level 30), whenever your app requests a permission related to location, microphone, or camera, the user-facing permissions dialog contains an option called Only this time, as shown in Figure 2. If the user selects this option in the dialog, your app is granted a temporary one-time permission.

Your app can then access the related data for a period of time that depends on your app’s behavior and the user’s actions:

• While your app’s activity is visible, your app can access the data.
• If the user sends your app to the background, your app can continue to access the data for a short period of time.
• If you launch a foreground service while the activity is visible, and the user then moves your app to the background, your app can continue to access the data until that foreground service stops.
• If the user revokes the one-time permission, such as in system settings, your app cannot access the data, regardless of whether you launched a foreground service. As with any permission, if the user revokes your app’s one-time permission, your app’s process terminates.

When the user next opens your app and a feature in your app requests access to location, microphone, or camera, the user is prompted for the permission again.

Android auto-resets permissions of unused apps

If your app targets Android 11 (API level 30) or higher and isn’t used for a few months, the system protects user data by automatically resetting the sensitive runtime permissions that the user had granted your app. Learn more in the guide about app hibernation.

Request to become the default handler if necessary

Some apps depend on access to sensitive user information related to call logs and SMS messages. If you want to request the permissions specific to call logs and SMS messages and publish your app to the Play Store, you must prompt the user to set your app as the default handler for a core system function before requesting these runtime permissions.

For more information on default handlers, including guidance on showing a default handler prompt to users, see the guide on permissions used only in default handlers.

Grant all runtime permissions for testing purposes

To grant all runtime permissions automatically when you install an app on an emulator or test device, use the -g option for the adb shell install command, as demonstrated in the following code snippet:

Additional resources

For additional information about permissions, read these articles:

To learn more about requesting permissions, download the following sample apps:

• Android RuntimePermissionsBasic Sample Java | Kotlin

Content and code samples on this page are subject to the licenses described in the Content License. Java is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates.

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