The MP of ACLSV is a suppressor of silencing that interferes with systemic movement of the silencing signal.
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Capillovirus, Foveavirus, Trichovirus, Vitivirus
Biological Properties
ACLSV occurs in woody plants of the family Rosaceae including apple, pear, peach, plum, cherry, apricot, and prune. Though ACLSV infection is symptomless in most commercial apple varieties, the virus causes topworking disease of apple grown on Maruba kaido (Malus prunifolia var. ringo) rootstocks in Japan. ACLSV may cause plum bark split, plum pseudopox, pear ring pattern mosaic, and apricot pseudopox disease. CMLV occurs naturally in sweet cherry, peach, and apricot, and causes mottle leaf disease of cherry in some regions of North America. GINV is the causal virus of grapevine berry inner necrosis disease, one of the most important virus diseases of grapevine in Japan.
The viruses can be transmitted by mechanical inoculation, grafting, and through propagating materials. No vectors have been reported for ACLSV. On the other hand, CMLV and GINV are transmitted by the peach bud mite Eriophyes insidiosus and the grape erineum mite Colomerus vitis, respectively.
Control of Plant Virus Diseases
Marina Barba , . Graziella Pasquini , in Advances in Virus Research , 2015
2.1.1.1 Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus
Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) was isolated for the first time from apple trees in the USA after transmission to Malus platycarpa ( Mink & Shay, 1959 ).
In most commercial apple cultivars the infection generally is latent, but it causes an important disease of apple trees grown on Maruba kaido (Malus prunifolia cv. Ringo) rootstocks in Japan ( Yaegashi, Yoshikawa, & Candresse, 2011; Yanase, 1974 ). In some stone fruit species ACLSV may be symptomless and causes bark splitting or it may be associated with severe fruit deformations, yield reduction, graft incompatibility, and bud necrosis ( Myrta, Matic, Malinowski, Pasquini, & Candresse, 2011 ). Some virus isolates induce a severe disease in apricot and plum characterized by depressions and protuberances that deform the fruit, often confused with the “sharka” disease due to PPV, and named for this reason as “pseudopox.”
ACLSV is a filamentous, flexuous particle virus, 680–780 nm long and 12 nm in width. It shows high molecular variability and a number of virus isolates differing in pathogenicity have been described.
In apple trees, ACLSV frequently is detected in coinfection with Apple stem grooving virus and/or Apple stem pitting virus.
ACLSV is mainly transmitted by grafting. No natural virus vectors are currently known ( Yoshikawa, 2001 ) and ACLSV is not known to be seed or pollen transmitted.
Betaflexiviridae
List of species in the genus Trichovirus
Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus
Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus-P863
[M58152=NC_001409]
(ACLSV-P863)
Apricot pseudo-chlorotic leaf spot virus
Apricot pseudo-chlorotic leaf spot virus-Sus2
[AY713379=NC_006946]
(APsCLSV-Sus2)
Cherry mottle leaf virus
Cherry mottle leaf virus-SA1162-21
[AF170028=NC_002500]
(CMLV-SA116221)
Grapevine berry inner necrosis virus
Grapevine berry inner necrosis virus-Japan
[D88448=NC_015220]
(GINV-JP)
Peach mosaic virus
Peach mosaic virus-2022-01 (CA-1)
[DQ117579=NC_011552]
(PcMV-202201 (CA1))
Species names are in italic script; names of isolates are in roman script. Sequence accession numbers [ ] and assigned abbreviations ( ) are also listed.
Plant Virus Diseases: Fruit Trees and Grapevine
Virus Diseases of Pome Fruits
Disease Symptoms and Yield Losses
Some of the viruses infecting stone fruit trees (ACLSV, ApMV, CRLV, and ToRSV) are also pathogenic to pome fruits. ApMV and tulare apple mosaic virus (TAMV) induce yellow mottling of the leaves which is outstanding on the spring vegetation but tends to fade away when the temperature rises. A yield reduction of 20–40% has been associated with infection by severe ApMV strains. ACLSV is the agent of different syndromes, such as Malus platicarpa dwarf, leaf deformation of several ornamental apple species, russet ring of apple fruits, and ring pattern mosaic of the leaves of pear and quince. Sensitive apple and quince cultivars can be heavily damaged; for example, yield of apples can be reduced in excess of 20%.
Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) infections are latent in the great majority of commercial apple cultivars, whereas, in sensitive rootstocks, this virus elicits stem grooving, epinasty, that is, a marked curling of the leaves caused by necrosis of the main vein, and chlorotic/necrotic mottling of the leaves, followed by decline. Some of its strains are also responsible for diseases that affect the leaves (vein yellowing, necrotic spots) ( Figure 1(e) ) and fruits (stony pit) of pear, and the leaves (sooty ring spot), branches (necrotic grooves and bark necrosis), and fruits (deformation and stony pits) of quince.
Like ASPV, apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) infects latently ungrafted cultivars and rootstocks of apple, pear, and quince. However, a severe disease that leads to decline and death of the plants, known as ‘apple junction necrotic pitting’ or ‘top working’, develops when infected scions are used for grafting, especially on Virginia Crab, which reacts. Grafted plants react with stem grooving ( Figure 1(f) ), and necrosis of the tissues at the graft union (brown line) which leads to a rapid decline and death.
A somewhat similar disorder called ‘union necrosis and decline’ is induced by ToRSV in apples grafted on the rootstock MM.106. ‘Flat apple’, a disease induced by CRLV, is characterized by deformation of the fruits, reduced growth of lateral branches and upward rolling of the leaves.
Geographical Distribution
Except for TAMV, CRLV, and ToRSV, which are largely confined to the USA, all other pome fruit-infecting viruses (ApMV, ACLSV, ASGV, and ASPV) have a worldwide distribution.
Causal Agents and Classification
Affiliation and properties of ACLSV, ApMV, TAMV, CRLV, and ToRSV are as reported above. ASPV and ASGV are the type species of the genus Foveavirus and Capillovirus, respectively. Both viruses have filamentous particles c. 640 nm (ASGV) or c. 800 nm (ASPV) long, and a monopartite RNA genome 6495 nt (ASGV) and 9306 nt (ASPV) in size.
Transmission
ASPV, ASGV, and ACLSV have no known vector. Long-distance dissemination occurs via infected propagative material and nursery productions, whereas spread in apple orchards may take place through root grafts. The epidemiology of ilarviruses (ApMV, TAMV), the nepovirus ToRSV, and the cheravirus CRLV is as reported above.
Control
To control pome fruit viruses the same strategies used for stone fruit viruses can be implemented.
Источник
Вирус хлоротичной пятнистости яблони
Вирус хлоротичной пятнистости яблони (ACLSV) — это патогенный вирус растений семейства Betaflexiviridae .
Вирус хлоротичной пятнистости яблони
Классификация вирусов
(без рейтинга):
Вирус
Царство :
Рибовирия
Королевство:
Орторнавиры
Тип:
Kitrinoviricota
Класс:
Alsuviricetes
Заказ:
Тимовиралес
Семья:
Бетафлексивирусы
Род:
Триховирус
Разновидность:
вирус мозаики грушевого кольца латентный вирус яблока тип 1 вирус псевдопоксии сливы вирус каскадного роста айвы
Этот вирус снижает жизнеспособность деревьев (50% для груш), снижает урожай (40% для груш) и вызывает снижение качества плодов (при наличии симптомов).
Этот вирус представляет собой триховирус с нитевидными частицами. У него нет естественных переносчиков, и он легко передается механическим путем травянистым хозяевам.
Вирус передается только путем прививки к зараженным клоновым подвоям, обработки существующих деревьев зараженными сортами привоя и использования зараженных деревьев в качестве источника материалов для размножения.
Эта статья о растительных вирусах — незавершенная . Вы можете помочь Википедии, расширив ее .
Источник
Apple chlorotic leafspot virus —>
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Apple chlorotic leafspot virus
Virus classification
(unranked):
Virus
Realm:
Riboviria
Kingdom:
Orthornavirae
Phylum:
Kitrinoviricota
Class:
Alsuviricetes
Order:
Tymovirales
Family:
Betaflexiviridae
Genus:
Trichovirus
Species:
pear ring pattern mosaic virus apple latent virus type 1 plum pseudopox virus quince stunt virus
Apple chlorotic leafspot virus (ACLSV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Betaflexiviridae.
Damages
This virus reduces tree vigor (50% on pear), reduces yield (40% on pear), and causes quality reduction on fruits (if symptomatic).
Pathogen
This virus is a trichovirus with filamentous particles. It has no natural vectors and it is easily transmitted mechanically to herbaceous hosts.
Transmission
The virus is only transmitted by grafting using infected clonal rootstocks, top-working existing trees with infected scion cultivars, and using infected trees as a source of propagation materials.
Источник
Apple chlorotic leafspot virus
Apple chlorotic leafspot virus
Virus classification
(unranked):
Virus
Realm:
Riboviria
Kingdom:
Orthornavirae
Phylum:
Kitrinoviricota
Class:
Alsuviricetes
Order:
Tymovirales
Family:
Betaflexiviridae
Genus:
Trichovirus
Species:
pear ring pattern mosaic virus apple latent virus type 1 plum pseudopox virus quince stunt virus
Contents
Apple chlorotic leafspot virus (ACLSV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Betaflexiviridae .
Damages
This virus reduces tree vigor (50% on pear), reduces yield (40% on pear), and causes quality reduction on fruits (if symptomatic).
Pathogen
This virus is a trichovirus with filamentous particles. It has no natural vectors and it is easily transmitted mechanically to herbaceous hosts.
Transmission
The virus is only transmitted by grafting using infected clonal rootstocks, top-working existing trees with infected scion cultivars, and using infected trees as a source of propagation materials.
External links
This plant virus article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Related Research Articles
Geminiviridae is a family of plant viruses that encode their genetic information on a circular genome of single-stranded (ss) DNA. There are currently 485 species in this family, divided among 9 genera. Diseases associated with this family include: bright yellow mosaic, yellow mosaic, yellow mottle, leaf curling, stunting, streaks, reduced yields. They have single-stranded circular DNA genomes encoding genes that diverge in both directions from a virion strand origin of replication. According to the Baltimore classification they are considered class II viruses. It is the largest known family of single stranded DNA viruses.
A leaf spot is a limited, discoloured, diseased area of a leaf that is caused by fungal, bacterial or viral plant diseases, or by injuries from nematodes, insects, environmental factors, toxicity or herbicides. These discoloured spots or lesions often have a centre of necrosis or cell death. Symptoms can overlap across causal agents, however differing signs and symptoms of certain pathogens can lead to the diagnosis of the type of leaf spot disease. Prolonged wet and humid conditions promote leaf spot disease and most pathogens are spread by wind, splashing rain or irrigation that carry the disease to other leaves.
Plum pox, also known as sharka, is the most devastating viral disease of stone fruit from the genus Prunus. The disease is caused by the plum pox virus (PPV), and the different strains may infect a variety of stone fruit species including peaches, apricots, plums, nectarine, almonds, and sweet and tart cherries. Wild and ornamental species of Prunus may also become infected by some strains of the virus.
Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) is a member of the genus Polerovirus and family Luteoviridae. The phloem limited positive sense RNA virus infects potatoes and other members of the family Solanaceae. PLRV was first described by Quanjer et al. in 1916. PLRV is transmitted by aphids, primarily the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae. PLRV is one of the most important potato viruses worldwide but particularly devastating in countries with limited resources and management. It can be responsible for individual plant yield losses of over 50%. One estimate suggests that PLRV is responsible for an annual global yield loss of 20 million tons. Symptoms include chlorosis, necrosis and leaf curling.
Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is a viral species of the genus Closterovirus that causes the most economically damaging disease to its namesake plant genus, Citrus. The disease has led to the death of millions of Citrus trees all over the world and has rendered millions of others useless for production. Farmers in Brazil and other South American countries gave it the name «tristeza», meaning sadness in Portuguese and Spanish, referring to the devastation produced by the disease in the 1930s. The virus is transmitted most efficiently by the brown citrus aphid.
Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, known by the abbreviation CCMV, is a virus that specifically infects the cowpea plant, or black-eyed pea. The leaves of infected plants develop yellow spots, hence the name «chlorotic». Similar to its «brother» virus, Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), CCMV is produced in high yield in plants. In the natural host, viral particles can be produced at 1–2 mg per gram of infected leaf tissue. Belonging to the bromovirus genus, cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) is a small spherical plant virus. Other members of this genus include the brome mosaic virus (BMV) and the broad bean mottle virus (BBMV).
Podosphaera leucotricha is a plant pathogen that can cause powdery mildew of apples and pears.
Apple mosaic virus (ApMV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Bromoviridae. It is named after its symptoms that were first present on apples. ApMV is a positive sense RNA based virus. The disease itself has several synonyms including Mild Apple Mosaic Virus, Hop Virus, Rose Mosaic Virus, and European Plum Line Patten Virus. It causes a severe yield reduction and decreased life-expectancy of fruit trees.
Cherry mottle leaf virus (CMLV) is a plant pathogenic virus causing leaf rot. It is closely related to the peach mosaic virus.
Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Alphaflexiviridae.
Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Secoviridae. It infects grapevines, causing chlorosis of the leaves and lowering the fruit quality. Because of its effect on grape yield, GFLV is a pathogen of commercial importance. It is transmitted via a nematode vector, Xiphinema index. This nematode acquires the virus through feeding on roots of an infected plant, and passes it on in the same manner.
Groundnut rosette virus (GRV) is a peanut pathogenic virus found in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is transmitted between plants by insect vectors such as the groundnut aphid.
Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus (MDMV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Potyviridae. Depending on the corn plant’s growth stage, the virus can have severe implications to the corn plant’s development which can also result in economic consequences to the producer of the crop.
Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) is a plant pathogenic virus causing ring spot diseases affecting species of the genus Prunus, as well as other species such as rose and hops. PNRSV is found worldwide due to easy transmission through plant propagation methods and infected seed. The virus is in the family Bromoviridae and genus Ilarvirus. Synonyms of PNRSV include European plum line pattern virus, hop B virus, hop C virus, plum line pattern virus, sour cherry necrotic ringspot virus, and peach ringspot virus.
Tobacco ringspot virus is a plant pathogenic virus in the plant virus family Secoviridae. It is the type species of the genus Nepovirus. Nepoviruses are transmitted between plants by nematodes, varroa mites and honeybees. TRSV is also easily transmitted by sap inoculation and transmission in seeds has been reported. In recent cases it has also been shown to appear in bees.
Orthotospovirus is a genus of negative-strand RNA viruses, in the family Tospoviridae of the order Bunyavirales, which infects plants. Tospoviruses take their name from the type species tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) which was discovered in Australia in 1919. The type species remained the only member of the family until the early 1990s when genetic characterisation of plant viruses became more common. There are now at least twenty species in the genus with more being discovered on a regular basis. Member viruses infect over eight hundred plant species from 82 different families.
Trichovirus is a genus of viruses in the order Tymovirales, in the family Betaflexiviridae. Plants, specifically angiosperms such as pome fruits, citrus, and pear, serve as natural hosts for this plant pathogen. There are currently seven species in this genus including the type species Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus.
Grapevine leafroll-associated virus (GLRaV) is a name for a group of viruses infecting grapevine in the genus Closterovirus.
Badnavirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Caulimoviridae order Ortervirales. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are currently 59 species in this genus including the type species Commelina yellow mottle virus. Diseases associated with this genus include: CSSV: leaf chlorosis, root necrosis, red vein banding in young leaves, small mottled pods, and stem/root swelling followed by die-back. Infection decreases yield by 25% within one year, 50% within two years and usually kills trees within 3–4 years.
Cocoa necrosis virus (CNV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the genus nepovirus that infects Theobroma cacao en natura causing cacao necrosis disease. CNV is considered synonymous with Strain S of cacao swollen shoot virus. Unlike Cacao swollen shoot virus, it is not transmitted by mealybugs nor vectored by aphids, beetles, or leafhoppers that also commonly infest cacao. It is serologically, distantly related to Tomato black ring virus and very distantly related to Grapevine chrome mosaic virus.
