Apple the computer industry

The History Of Apple

Apple has officially become the first $1 trillion company in history! It must come as no surprise as Apple continues to astonish the world with its innovative products and services.

The company had to go through years of struggle, various failures and accomplishments which finally led to the way it stands today – the first ever company to be valued $1 trillion.

Join us on this memory lane as we go back in time to explore the history of Apple from the days when Apple was limited to only a garage in California to the present when it is the most successful company in history.

The Foundation Of Apple

In 1976, Apple was founded by three men: Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne with the intention of selling Wozniak’s hand-built Personal Computer named Apple 1.

The Apple 1 was sold as a motherboard with CPU, RAM and basic textual-video chips. It then lacked a built-in keyboard, monitor, case or any other Human Interface Devices (which was later added in 1977).

In July 1976, the Apple 1 went on sale and was sold for $666.66. Steve Wozniak took a special liking for repeated numbers and hence the fancy number as the price.

However, Ronald Wayne decided to leave the company only a couple of weeks after it was founded. Wayne then took a cheque of $800 which would have been worth almost $72 billion 40 years later. Wayne was the one to hand sketch the first Apple logo which was then replaced by the bitten apple logo designed by Rob Janoff in 1977.

The Apple Computer Inc. was incorporated on January 3 rd , 1977. Mike Markkula, the multimillionaire who had taken interest in the Apple-1 provided the company required funding and business expertise. Mike Markkula was the 3 rd employee with a one-third share in the company. He suggested a man named Michael Scott be the company’s first president and CEO as he thought Steve was too young and undisciplined to be the CEO.

The Apple II and III

It was in 1977 that the Apple II was introduced, also by Wozniak. VisiCalc (the world’s first ‘killer-app’), a ground-breaking spreadsheet and calculating software helped the Apple II computers to stand ahead of market leaders Tandy and Commodore PET. VisiCalc gave users an additional reason to buy the Apple II because of its office compatibility. With the introduction of colour graphics, the Apple II was able to revolutionize the computer industry.

By 1978, Apple had a real office with several employees and an Apple II production line.

In the years that followed, revenues grew exponentially for the Apple company doubling every four months. Their yearly sales grew from $775,000 to $118 million between September 1977 and September 1980 (average annual growth rate of 533%).

Jobs and several employees were allowed to visit the Xerox PARC lab in 1979. It is world famous for the laser printer, mouse, ethernet networking and other technological accomplishments. Jobs and his engineers visited the PARC campus in return for the option to buy 100,000 shares of apple for $10 a share.

By the year 1980, the competition was growing difficult with IBM and Microsoft in the market. Apple released Apple III in the same year to compete with these companies in the corporate computing market. The Apple III was not as successful due to a design flaw. In order to reduce noise, Jobs insisted computers not have fans or vents which in turn created problems due to dangerous overheating. Thus, the Apple III lost to IBM computers.

However, Jobs had been convinced from the visit to the Xerox PARC labs that all future computers required to use a Graphical User Interface (GUI) like the ones used today. He immediately began the development of a GUI for Apple’s next generation computer, Apple Lisa.

Unfortunately, Jobs was removed from the Lisa team due to infighting and became a part of the low-cost-computer project, the Macintosh. Lisa was released in 1983 and met with disastrous sales due to its high price and limited software support.

Apple went public on December 12, 1980, at $22 per share. According to EDN Network, Apple’s $4.6 million shares sold out immediately and generated more capital than any other IPO (Initial Public Offering) since the Ford Motor Company in 1956. The IPO created $217 million in wealth for Steve Jobs, the largest shareholder. The company’s IPO also created 300 other millionaires instantly.

The Macintosh

After being replaced from the Lisa team, Jobs became the lead of the Macintosh team. The Apple Macintosh is known as the most user-friendly computer to date. It is also known as the first mass-market personal computer to feature an integral GUI and mouse.

The Macintosh, unlike Lisa, was a success thanks to the intense marketing with the iconic “1984” commercial directed by Ridley Scott which aired during the Super Bowl and never again.

Even though the graphics hardware used was very expensive, Apple decided to sell the Macintosh for a price that would put it in the reach of home users. Its black and white graphics and visual abilities attracted design professionals and it was particularly successful in the desktop publishing market due to it’s the same. It had a carrying handle which made it portable and it looked friendly too.

The Macintosh was priced at $2,495 and went on sale in January 1984. It was good value for the money although not cheap. By the beginning of May 1984, 70,000 units were shipped as a result of the “1984” commercial.

In 1983, around the time of launch of the Macintosh, Jobs hired John Sculley as the new Apple CEO when Mark Markkula, the second CEO wanted to retire. Scully was the youngest CEO of Pepsi during the time, but jobs brought him to Apple with the legendary question “Do you want to sell sugared water for the rest of your life? Or do you want to come with me and change the world?”

However, tension grew between Jobs and Sculley when the Macintosh failed to break IBM’s dominance. Moreover, Jobs liked doing things his own way while Sculley wanted strict oversight on future products as both Lisa and the Macintosh had not been able to compete with IBM and others at the time.

Apple without Steve Jobs

In 1985, as friction grew between Jobs and Sculley, Jobs attempted to oust Sculley by staging a coup which then backfired. The Apple’s board took Sculley’s side and removed Jobs from his managerial duties. Jobs then quit his job and founded a new company making advanced workstations name NeXT. Steve Wozniak too left around the same time selling most of his shares saying the company was going in the wrong direction.

With Jobs now out of the company, the board was free to think what kind of machines Apple was going to produce. They decided to target high-end markets with more expensive Macs. Steve Jobs was opposed to the idea of hiking the prices and so it was only after he left that they could implement this policy. They agreed that although fewer units may be sold, similar or higher profits are to be achieved. This policy was called “55 or die” which is Jean-Louis Gassée’s rule that the Macintosh II should deliver at least 55% profit per machine. Gassée was the man whom Sculley hired in place of Steve Jobs.

Although the Apple computers were quite expensive compared to the other computers in the market, they had benefits such as the user interface that kept their users loyal. Apple introduced its PowerBook laptop and system 7 operating system in 1991. The system 7 was behind giving colour to the Macintosh OS and was used until 2001 when OS X was released.

The 1990s saw Apple trying to get into new markets. Gassée also took part in the development of new products such as the Newton MessagePad and the eMate dreaming that these products will drive the company towards new heights.

However, with prices as high as $700 and functions limited to taking notes and managing contacts these new products did not work out in the market. And the Newton MessagePad became the Apple flop of the 1990s. Gassee’s tenure too came to an end in 1990. Apple then introduced the Macintosh Classic, Macintosh LC and Macintosh IIsi, which were lower cost models and they also managed to bring up significant sales.

The Decline of Apple

Apple’s “55 or die” policy backfired in the last years of the decade when IBM clones were getting cheaper and Microsoft’s influence started to rise. Even though Macs offered an excellent library of software, they were limited. Windows 3.0, on the contrary, was on sale for cheap commodity computers.

Apple needed to find its way back in the market and so they introduced a whole new line of computers: the Quadra, Centris and the Performa. The Performa was meant to be a stock item for department stores and other lifestyle outlets as Apple computers were then available only through mail or authorized dealers. There was no Apple Store back then. These lines of computers were, in fact, their existing stock rebranded by adding new consumer-friendly software like ClarisWorks and Grolier Encyclopaedia to attract home users.

This, on the contrary, created confusion among the customers as they did not quite understand the difference between these models.

Apple also experimented on products like digital cameras, portable CD audio players, speakers, TV appliances etc, but they were all unsuccessful. Apple’s market shares and stock prices continued to decline.

To add to the mistakes, Sculley spent a lot of time and cash on bringing System 7 to the new IBM/ Motorola PowerPC microprocessor instead of Intel Processor. As most software were written for Intel processors, and they were cheaper, Apple had no luck finding its way back in the market.

With the highly unsuccessful line of products and the costly decision to move to PowerPC, the Apple board had had enough. In 1993 Sculley was fired and replaced by Michael Spindler as the new CEO, a German expatriate who had been with Apple since the 1980s.

Spindler, unfortunately, had to follow through Sculley’s PowerPC mistake. The first PowerPC run by Macintosh was released in 1994 but Apple’s misfortune continued. One reason was because of the popularity of Windows in the market then.

In 1996, Spindler was replaced by Gil Amelio as CEO. Amelio made several changes such as including extensive layoffs and cut costs. His tenure was also troubled as the Apple stock hit a 12-year low. Amelio then decided to purchase Jobs’ NeXT Computer for $429 million in February of 1997 and brought back Steve Jobs to Apple.

Rise To Profits

Jobs convinced the board to make him the interim CEO in July 1997. Due to the huge financial losses and a three-year record low stock price the board agreed with Jobs. Amelio resigned a week later.

During the 1997 Macworld Expo, Jobs announced Apple was joining hands with Microsoft to create new versions of Microsoft for the Macintosh. He also announced that Microsoft had invested $150 million in non-voting Apple stock. On November 10, 1997, Apple introduced the Online Apple Store.

Jobs was impressed by the design talent of Jonathan Ive and they paired to rebuild Apple’s status. The iMac was introduced on August 15, 1998, an all in one computer. Jonathan Ive lead the iMac design team and he would later design the iPod and the iPhone. 80,000 units of the iMac were sold in just 5 months as a result of modern technological features and a unique design.

Jobs did not want a wide range of products and preferred to concentrate on a narrow range of products. He reduced the range of computers to four- two for businesses and two for consumers. He also closed down a lot of other divisions including the Newton MessagePad.

In 1998, Apple purchased Macromedia’s Key Grip Software Project, thus expanding its video editing market. The product was named Final Cut Pro when it was launched in April 1999. It was unfinished even at the time of its sales. Key Grip Software’s development led to Apple’s release of the video editing product called iMovie in October 1999.

The Mac OS X was introduced in place of System 7 in 2001 which was based on the operating system from NeXT computers. In the same year, the iPod portable digital audio player was released, and it sold 100 million units within six years.

Following this, Apple acquired German company Astarte and Apple created iDVD for the consumer market using Astarte’s DVD authoring technology. Apple purchased two companies in 2002 – Nothing Real for digital composing application and Emagic for music productivity application Logic. Apple became the first computer manufacturer to own a music company after purchasing Emagic.

Apple’s iTunes music store was introduced in 2003 and the service offered online music downloads for $0.99 per song and also integrated it to the iPod. iTunes became the world’s largest music retailer by 2005.

In 2006, Apple finally decided to switch to an Intel-based system architecture. The MacBook Pro was the Apple’s first laptop with an intel core processor.

Between 2003 and 2006 the Apple’s stock price increased by more than ten times, from $6 per share to $80 per share.

The iPhone

The iPhone was announced at the Macworld Expo on January 9, 2007. Jobs also announced that Apple Computer, Inc would thereafter be called Apple Inc. as the company had widened its emphasis to consumer electronics as well. 270,000 iPhones were sold during the first 30 hours of its sales and it came out to be known as a “game-changer for the industry”. Widespread success was achieved with the introduction of iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad products.

The App Store was launched by Apple in July 2008 to sell third-party applications for the iPhone and iPod-Touch. Within a month, 60 million applications were sold through the App store and it was able to register an average daily revenue of $1 million. Apple also became the third-largest mobile handset supplier in the world thanks to the popularity of the iPhone.

Apple shares hit a staggering $300 in October 2010.

Steve Jobs resigned from his position as CEO due to health factors on August 24, 2011, and was replaced by Tim Cook. Jobs passed away on October 5, 2011, which marked the end of an incredible era for Apple and brought a big diversion in Apple’s history.

However, Apple still continues to influence the markets with ground-breaking technological wonders to date.

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Источник

Apple Inc.

Apple Inc.
Type	Public (NASDAQ: AAPL, LSE: 0HDZ, FWB: APC)
Founded	California, United States (April 1, 1976 ( 1976-04-01 ) , as Apple Computer Inc.)
Headquarters	1 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, California, United States
Key people	Steve Jobs (Co-founder> Steve Wozniak (Co-founder)
Industry	Computer hardware Computer software Consumer electronics
Products	Mac iPod iPhone iPad Apple Watch Apple TV OS X iOS watchOS iLife iWork
Services	Apple Store online Apple Store iTunes Store iOS App Store Mac App Store iBooks Store iCloud Apple Music

Apple Inc., (NASDAQ: AAPL) formerly Apple Computer Inc., is an American multinational corporation that designs and manufactures consumer electronics and software products. The company’s best-known hardware products include Macintosh computers, the iPod and the iPhone. Apple software includes the Mac OS X operating system, the iTunes media browser, the iLife suite of multimedia and creativity software, the iWork suite of productivity software, and Final Cut Studio, a suite of professional audio and film-industry software products. The company operates several hundred retail stores in a number of countries as well as the online online store and iTunes Store.

Contents

Established in Cupertino, California on April 1, 1976, co-founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, the company was called «Apple Computer, Inc.» for its first 30 years, but dropped the word «Computer» on January 9, 2007 to reflect the company’s ongoing expansion into the consumer electronics market. Through its philosophy of comprehensive aesthetic design and its distinctive advertising campaigns, Apple Inc. has established a unique reputation in the consumer electronics industry. Apple has attracted a customer base that is devoted to the company and its brand, particularly in the United States.

History

1976–1980: The early years

Apple Computer Inc. was established on April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne, [1] to sell the Apple I personal computer kits hand-built by Wozniak [2] He had first shown them to the public at the Homebrew Computer Club. [3] The Apple I was sold as a motherboard (with CPU, RAM, and basic textual-video chips. [4] The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 for US$666.66. [5] [6]

Apple was incorporated January 3, 1977 without Wayne, who sold his share of the company back to Jobs and Wozniak for $800. Mike Markkula provided essential business expertise and funding of $250,000 during the incorporation of Apple. [7]

The Apple II was introduced on April 16, 1977 at the first West Coast Computer Faire. It differed from its major rivals, the TRS-80 and Commodore PET, because it came with color graphics and an open architecture. Early models used ordinary cassette tapes as storage devices, but were soon superseded by the introduction of a 5 1/4 inch floppy disk drive and interface, the Disk II. [8]

The Apple II was chosen to be the desktop platform for the ground-breaking VisiCalc spreadsheet program. [9] VisiCalc created a business market for the Apple II, and gave home users an additional reason to buy an Apple II because it could now be used for office work. Until then, Apple had taken a distant third place to sales of Commodore and Tandy. [10]

By the end of the 1970s, Apple had a staff of computer designers and a production line. The Apple II was succeeded by the Apple III in May 1980 as the company competed with IBM and Microsoft in the business and corporate computing market. [11]

In December 1979 Xerox granted Apple engineers three days of access to the Xerox PARC facilities in return for $1 million in pre-IPO Apple stock, and Jobs and several Apple employees including Jef Raskin went to see the Xerox Alto. It used a Graphical User Interface (GUI) with graphical elements such as windows, menus, radio buttons, check boxes and icons. Jobs became convinced that all future computers would use a GUI, and development of a GUI began for the Apple Lisa.

1981–1985: Lisa and Macintosh

Steve Jobs began working on the Apple Lisa in 1978 but in 1982 he was pushed from the Lisa team due to infighting, and took over Jef Raskin’s low-cost-computer project, the Macintosh. A turf war broke out between Lisa’s «corporate shirts» and Jobs’ «pirates» over which product would ship first and establish Apple’s reputation. In 1983 Lisa became the first personal computer sold to the public with a GUI, but was initially a commercial failure because of its high price tag and limited software titles. [12]

In 1984, Apple launched the Macintosh. Its debut was announced by a famous $1.5 million television commercial, «1984» that aired during the third quarter of Super Bowl XVIII on January 22, 1984, and is now considered a landmark in Apple’s history [13] and an advertising masterpiece. [14]

The Macintosh initially sold well, but follow-up sales were not strong. [15] That changed with the introduction of the LaserWriter, the first reasonably-priced PostScript laser printer, and PageMaker, an early desktop publishing package. The Mac was particularly powerful due to its advanced graphics capabilities, which were necessary to create the intuitive Macintosh GUI. The combination of these three products has been credited with the creation of the desktop publishing market. [16]

Continued strong sales of the Apple II, and the introduction of the Macintosh, took Apple’s sales to new highs. Apple Computer’s initial public offering on September 7, 1984, generated more money than any IPO since Ford Motor Company in 1956 and instantly created more millionaires (about 300) than any company in history.

In 1985 a power struggle developed between Jobs and his hand-picked CEO John Sculley. [17] Apple’s board of directors sided with Sculley and Jobs was removed from his managerial duties. Jobs later resigned from Apple and founded NeXT Inc. the same year.

Apple’s sustained growth during the early 1980s was partly due to its leadership in the education sector, attributed to its adaptation of the programming language LOGO, used in many schools with the Apple II. In California, Apple Computer Inc. donated an Apple II and one Apple LOGO software package to each public school in the state.

1986–1993: Rise and fall

In September 1989, Apple Computer released the Macintosh Portable, featuring a black and white active-matrix LCD screen in a hinged cover that covered the keyboard when the machine was not in use, and a mouse trackball that could be removed and located on either side of the keyboard. It was received with excitement from most critics but did not sell well because of several drawbacks including its bulk and limited battery life. Having learned several painful lessons, Apple introduced the PowerBook in 1991, which established the modern form and ergonomic layout of the laptop computer. [18] The same year, Apple introduced System 7, a major upgrade to the operating system which added color to the interface and introduced new networking capabilities. It remained the architectural basis for Mac OS until 2001.

The success of the PowerBook and other products increased operating revenues, and from 1989 to 1991 the Macintosh experienced a «first golden age.» [17] Following the success of the LC, Apple introduced the Centris line, a low end Quadra offering, and the ill-fated Performa line which was sold in several confusing configurations and software bundles to avoid competing with the various consumer outlets such as Sears, Price Club, and Wal-Mart, the primary dealers for these models. Consumers did not understand the difference between models, causing sales to drop. During this time Apple experimented unsuccessfully with other consumer products including digital cameras, portable CD audio players, speakers, video consoles, and TV appliances. Enormous resources were also invested in the problem-plagued Newton division. Apple’s market share and stock prices continued to slide.

Apple perceived the Apple II family as being expensive to produce, and detracting from sales from the low-end Macintosh. In 1990, Apple released the Macintosh LC with a single expansion slot for the Apple IIe Card to migrate Apple II users to the Macintosh platform. [19] Apple stopped selling the Apple IIe in 1993.

Apple Computer’s rival Microsoft continued to gain market share with Windows, focusing on delivering software with cheap commodity PCs while Apple was offering its customers a richly engineered, but expensive, experience. [20] Apple relied on high profit margins and never developed a clear response to the challenge from Windows. Instead it launched a lawsuit accusing Microsoft of using a graphical user interface similar to the Apple Lisa (Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corporation) [21] which dragged on for years before being thrown out of court. Meanwhile Apple’s reputation was damaged by a series of major product flops and missed deadlines, and Sculley was replaced by Michael Spindler as CEO. [22]

1994–1997: Attempts at reinvention

By the early 1990s, Apple was developing alternative platforms to the Macintosh, such as the A/UX. The old Macintosh platform was becoming outdated because it was not built to perform multiple tasks simultaneously, and several important software routines were programmed directly into the hardware. In addition, Apple was facing competition from OS/2 and UNIX vendors like Sun Microsystems. The Macintosh needed to be replaced by a new platform, or reworked to run on more powerful hardware.

In 1994, Apple formed the AIM alliance with IBM and Motorola, to create a new computing platform (the PowerPC Reference Platform), which would use IBM and Motorola hardware coupled with Apple’s software. The AIM alliance hoped that the combination of PReP’s performance and Apple’s software would outdistance the PC and put an end to Microsoft’s dominance. The same year, Apple introduced the Power Macintosh, the first of many Apple computers to use IBM’s PowerPC processor. [23]

In 1996, Michael Spindler was replaced by Gil Amelio as CEO. Amelio made many changes at Apple, including massive layoffs. After multiple failed attempts to improve Mac OS, first with the Taligent project, then later with Copland and Gershwin operating systems, Amelio decided to purchase NeXT and its NeXTSTEP operating system, bringing Steve Jobs back to Apple initially as an advisor. On July 9, 1997, Gil Amelio was ousted by the board of directors after overseeing a three-year record-low stock price and crippling financial losses. Jobs became the interim CEO and began restructuring the company’s product line.

At the 1997 Macworld Expo, Steve Jobs announced that Apple would join Microsoft to release new versions of Microsoft Office for the Macintosh, and that Microsoft had made a $150 million investment in non-voting Apple stock. [24] This boosted industry confidence in Apple’s future.

On November 10, 1997, Apple introduced the Apple Store, tied to a new build-to-order manufacturing strategy.

1998–2005: New beginnings

On August 15, 1998, Apple introduced a new all-in-one computer reminiscent of the Macintosh 128K: the iMac. The iMac design team was led by Jonathan Ive, who later designed the iPod and the iPhone. The iMac featured the newest technology and a groundbreaking design. It sold close to 800,000 units in its first five months and returned Apple to profitability for the first time since 1993. [25]

During this period, Apple purchased several companies to create a portfolio of professional and consumer-oriented digital production software. In 1998, Apple announced the purchase of Macromedia’s Final Cut software, signaling its expansion into the digital video editing market. [26] The following year, Apple released two video editing products: iMovie for consumers; and Final Cut Pro for professionals, which has gone on to be a significant video-editing program, with 800,000 registered users in early 2007. [27] In 2002 Apple purchased Nothing Real for its advanced digital compositing application Shake, [28] as well as Emagic for its music productivity application Logic, which led to the development of Apple’s consumer-level GarageBand application. [29] iPhoto’s release the same year completed the iLife suite.

Mac OS X, based on NeXT’s OPENSTEP and BSD Unix was released on March 24, 2001, after several years of development. Aimed at consumers and professionals alike, Mac OS X aimed to combine the stability, reliability and security of Unix with the ease of use afforded by an overhauled user interface. To aid users in migrating from Mac OS 9, the new operating system allowed the use of OS 9 applications through Mac OS X’s Classic environment.

In 2001, Apple introduced the iPod portable digital audio player. The product’s success was unprecedented; over 100 million units were sold within six years. [30] In 2003, Apple’s iTunes Store was introduced, offering online music downloads for $0.99 a song and integration with the iPod. The service quickly became the market leader in online music services, with over 5 billion downloads by June 19, 2008. [31]

Since 2001 Apple’s design team progressively abandoned the use of the translucent colored plastics first used in the iMac G3, beginning with the titanium PowerBook, followed by the white polycarbonate iBook, and the flat-panel iMac.

2005–2011: Success with mobile devices

At the Worldwide Developers Conference keynote address on June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs announced that Apple would begin producing Intel-based Mac computers in 2006. [32] On January 10, 2006, the new MacBook Pro and iMac became the first Apple computers to utilize Intel’s Core Duo CPU. By August 7, 2006 Apple had transitioned the entire Mac product line to Intel chips, more than one year earlier than announced. [32] The Power Mac, iBook, and PowerBook brands were retired during the transition, the Mac Pro, MacBook, and Macbook Pro became their respective successors.

Apple also introduced Boot Camp software to help users install Windows XP or Windows Vista on their Intel Macs alongside Mac OS X.

Apple’s success during this period was evident in its stock price. Between early 2003 and 2006, the price of Apple’s stock increased more than tenfold, from around $6 per share (split-adjusted) to over $80. In January 2006, Apple’s market cap surpassed that of Dell.

Delivering his keynote at the Macworld Expo on January 9, 2007, Steve Jobs announced that Apple Computer, Inc., was changing its name to Apple Inc. The launches of the iPhone and the Apple TV were also announced. The following day, Apple’s share price hit an all-time high of $97.80. In May 2007, Apple’s share price rose above $100. [33]

On February 7, 2007, Apple indicated that it would sell music on the iTunes Store without DRM (which would allow tracks to be played on third-party players) if record labels would agree to drop the technology. On April 2, 2007, Apple and EMI jointly announced the removal of DRM technology from EMI’s catalog in the iTunes Store, effective in May.

On July 11, 2008, Apple launched the App Store to sell third-party applications for the iPhone and iPod touch. [34] Within a month, the store sold 60 million applications and averaged sale of $1 million daily. By April 2009, one billion App Store applications, many free, had been downloaded.

After years of speculation and multiple rumored «leaks,» Apple announced a large screen, tablet-like media device known as the iPad on January 27, 2010. The iPad ran the same touch-based operating system as the iPhone, and many iPhone apps were compatible with the iPad. This gave the iPad a large app catalog on launch, despite very little development time before the release. Later that year on April 3, 2010, the iPad was launched in the US. It sold more than 300,000 units on its first day, and 500,000 by the end of the first week. [35] In May of the same year, Apple’s market cap exceeded that of competitor Microsoft for the first time since 1989. [36]

In June 2010, Apple released the iPhone 4, which introduced video calling, multitasking, and a new uninsulated stainless steel design that acted as the phone’s antenna. Later that year, Apple again refreshed its iPod line of MP3 players by introducing a multi-touch iPod Nano, an iPod Touch with FaceTime, and an iPod Shuffle that brought back the buttons of earlier generations. [37] Additionally, on October 20, Apple updated the MacBook Air laptop, iLife suite of applications, and unveiled Mac OS X Lion, the last version with the name Mac OS X. [38]

On January 17, 2011, Jobs announced in an internal Apple memo that he would take another medical leave of absence, for an indefinite period, to allow him to focus on his health. Chief operating officer Tim Cook assumed Jobs’s day-to-day operations at Apple, although Jobs would still remain «involved in major strategic decisions». [39] Apple became the most valuable consumer-facing brand in the world. [40] In June 2011, Jobs surprisingly took the stage and unveiled iCloud, an online storage and syncing service for music, photos, files and software which replaced MobileMe, Apple’s previous attempt at content syncing. [41]

2011–present: Post-Jobs era

On October 5, 2011, Apple announced that Steve Jobs had died, marking the end of an era for Apple. [42] The first major product announcement by Apple following Jobs’ passing occurred on January 19, 2012, when Apple’s Phil Schiller introduced iBooks Textbooks for iOS and iBook Author for Mac OS X in New York City. [43] Jobs had stated in his biography that he wanted to reinvent the textbook industry and education.

From 2011 to 2012, Apple released the iPhone 4S and iPhone 5, which featured improved cameras, an «intelligent software assistant» named Siri, and cloud-sourced data with iCloud; [44] the third and fourth generation iPads, which featured Retina displays; [45] and the iPad Mini, which featured a 7.9-inch screen in contrast to the iPad’s 9.7-inch screen. These launches were successful, with the iPhone 5 (released September 21, 2012) becoming Apple’s biggest iPhone launch with over 2 million pre-orders, and sales of 3 million iPads in three days following the launch of the iPad Mini and fourth generation iPad (released November 3, 2012). Apple also released a third-generation 13-inch MacBook Pro with a Retina display and new iMac and Mac Mini computers. [46]

On October 29, 2011, Apple purchased C3 Technologies, a mapping company, for $240 million, becoming the third mapping company Apple has purchased. [47] On January 10, 2012, Apple paid $500 million to acquire Anobit, an Israeli hardware company that developed and supplied a proprietary memory signal processing technology that improved the performance of the flash-memory used in iPhones and iPads. [48]

On August 20, 2012, Apple’s rising stock rose the company’s value to a world-record $624 billion. On August 24, 2012, a US jury ruled that Samsung should pay Apple $1.05 billion (£665m) in damages in an intellectual property lawsuit. [49] Samsung appealed the damages award, which the Court reduced by $450 million. [50] The Court further granted Samsung’s request for a new trial. On November 10, 2012, Apple confirmed a global settlement that would dismiss all lawsuits between Apple and HTC up to that date, in favor of a ten-year license agreement for current and future patents between the two companies. [51]

Products

Mac and accessories

• Mac mini, consumer sub-desktop computer introduced in January 2005.
• iMac, consumer all-in-one desktop computer that was first introduced by Apple in 1998. Its popularity helped revive the company’s fortunes. [25]
• Mac Pro, workstation-class desktop computer introduced in August 2006.
• MacBook, consumer notebook introduced in 2006, available in white and aluminum variants.
• MacBook Air, ultra-thin, ultra-portable notebook, introduced in January 2008.
• MacBook Pro, professional portable computer alternative to the MacBook, introduced in January 2006.
• Xserve, rack mounted, dual core, dual processor 1U server.

Apple sells a variety of computer accessories for Mac computers including the AirPort wireless networking products, Time Capsule, Cinema Display, Mighty Mouse, the Apple Wireless Keyboard computer keyboard, and the Apple USB Modem.

On October 23, 2001, Apple introduced the iPod digital music player. It evolved to include various models targeting the needs of different users. In 2007, the iPod was the market leader in portable music players by a significant margin, with more than 100 million units shipped as of April 9, 2007. [52] In 2008 Apple sold four variants of the iPod.

• iPod classic (Previously named iPod from 2001 to 2007), portable media player first introduced in 2001, with a 120 GB capacity.
• iPod nano, portable media player first introduced in 2005, available in 8 and 16 GB models.
• iPod shuffle, digital audio player first introduced in 2005, available in 1 and 2 GB models.
• iPod touch, portable media player first introduced in September 2007, available in 8, 16, and 32 GB models.

iPhone

The iPhone, a convergence of an Internet-enabled smartphone and iPod. [53] went on sale in June 2007 for $499 (4 GB) and $599 (8 GB). The original iPhone combined a 2.5G quad band GSM and EDGE cellular phone with features found in hand held devices, running a scaled-down versions of Apple’s Mac OS X (dubbed iPhone OS), with various Mac OS X applications such as Safari and Mail. It also included web-based and Dashboard applications such as Google Maps and Weather. The iPhone featured a 3.5-inch (89 mm) touch screen display, 8 or 16 GB of memory, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi (both «b» and «g»). [53] In 2008, the iPhone 3G added support for 3G networking and assisted-GPS navigation, with the price cut to $199 for the 8 GB version, and $299 for the 16 GB version. [54] Along with the release of the new iPhone Apple launched an App Store, providing applications for download that were compatible with the iPhone; it has since surpassed one billion downloads.

Apple TV

At the 2007 Macworld conference, Jobs demonstrated the Apple TV, (previously known as the iTV), a set-top video device intended to bridge the sale of content from iTunes with high-definition televisions. The device linked up to a user’s TV and synchronized, either via Wi-Fi or a wired network, with one computer’s iTunes library and streams from an additional four computers. The Apple TV originally incorporated a 40 GB hard drive for storage, included outputs for HDMI and component video, and played video at a maximum resolution of 720p. In May 2007, a 160 GB drive was released alongside the existing 40 GB model and in January 2008 a software update was released, which allowed media to be purchased directly from the Apple TV. [55]

Software

Apple develops its own operating system to run on Macs, Mac OS X (the current version is Mac OS X v10.6 «Snow Leopard,». Apple also independently develops computer software titles for its Mac OS X operating system. Much of the software Apple develops is bundled with its computers. An example of this is the consumer-oriented iLife software package which includes iDVD, iMovie, iPhoto, GarageBand, and iWeb. Its productivity suite, iWork is available, which includes the Keynote presentation software, Pages word processing software, and Numbers spreadsheet software. iTunes, QuickTime media player, and the Safari web browser are available as free downloads for both Mac OS X and Windows.

Apple offerers a range of professional software titles. Their range of server software included the operating system Mac OS X Server; Apple Remote Desktop, a remote systems management application; WebObjects, Java EE Web application server; and Xsan, a Storage Area Network file system. For the professional creative market, there was Aperture for professional RAW-format photo processing; Final Cut Studio, a video production suite; Logic, a comprehensive music toolkit and Shake, an advanced effects composition program.

Apple also offers online services with iCloud (formerly MobileMe) which incorporates personal web pages, email, Groups, iDisk, backup, iSync, and Learning Center online tutorials. iCloud is built into every Apple device, working automatically to store personal data on an online server and thereby keep all web-connected devices in sync. [56]

Culture

Business

Apple was one of several highly successful companies founded in the 1970s that challenged the traditional notions of corporate culture, implementing a horizontal rather than a vertical (flat versus tall) organizational hierarchy and requiring employees to wear casual rather than formal attire. Other highly successful firms with similar cultural aspects from the same time period include Southwest Airlines and Microsoft. Apple seemed to be in direct contrast to staid competitors like IBM; Steve Jobs often walked around the office barefoot even after Apple became a Fortune 500 company. By the time of the «1984» TV ad, this trait had become a key way in which the company attempts differentiated itself from its competitors.

Apple has a reputation for fostering individuality and excellence that attracts talented people into its employ. To recognize the best of its employees, Apple created the Apple Fellows program. Apple Fellows are those who have made extraordinary technical or leadership contributions to personal computing while at the company. The Apple Fellowship has so far been awarded to a few individuals including Bill Atkinson, Steve Capps, Rod Holt, Alan Kay, Andy Hertzfeld, Guy Kawasaki, Al Alcorn, Don Norman, and Steve Wozniak.

Users

According to surveys by J. D. Power, Apple has the highest brand and repurchase loyalty of any computer manufacturer. While this brand loyalty is considered unusual for any product, Apple appears not to have gone out of its way to create it.

Apple supports the continuing existence of a network of Mac User Groups in most major and many minor centers of population where Mac computers are available. Mac users meet at the European Apple Expo and the San Francisco Macworld Conference & Expo trade shows, where Apple has traditionally introduced new products each year to the industry and public. Mac developers gather at the annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference.

Apple Store openings have drawn crowds of thousands, with some waiting in line as long as a day before the opening or flying in from other countries for the event. The opening of the New York City Fifth Avenue «Cube» store had a line almost half a mile long; a few Mac fans even used the event as a setting to propose marriage. The line for the opening of the Ginza store in Tokyo exceeded eight city blocks and was estimated in the thousands. [57]

Market research indicates that Apple’s customer base is unusually artistic, creative, and well-educated, which may explain the platform’s popularity with certain youthful, avant-garde subcultures. [58]

Industry standards

Apple is vertically integrated, manufacturing the hardware on which they pre-install their software. During the Mac’s early history Apple did not adopt prevailing industry standards for hardware, creating their own instead. [59] This trend was largely reversed in the late 1990s, beginning with Apple’s adoption of the PCI bus in the 7500/8500/9500 Power Macs. Apple has since adopted USB, AGP, HyperTransport, Wi-Fi, and other industry standards in its computers and was in some cases a leader in the adoption of such standards such as USB. FireWire, an Apple-originated standard, was widely adopted after it was standardized as IEEE 1394.

Ever since the first Apple Store opened, Apple has sold third party accessories, allowing, for example, Nikon and Canon to sell their Mac-compatible digital cameras and camcorders inside the store. Adobe, one of Apple’s oldest software partners, [60] also sells its Mac-compatible software, as does Microsoft, who sells Microsoft Office for the Mac.

Headquarters

Apple Inc.’s world corporate headquarters are located in the middle of Silicon Valley, at 1 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, California. This Apple campus has six buildings which total 850,000 square feet (79,000 m²) and was built in 1993 by Sobrato Development Cos. [61] Apple has a satellite campus in neighboring Sunnyvale, California, where it houses a testing and research laboratory.

In 2006, Apple announced its intention to build a second campus on 50 acres (200,000 m²) assembled from various contiguous plots. The new campus, called Apple Park, is also in Cupertino about one mile (1.6 km) east of the original campus and opened in 2017. Its scale and circular groundscraper design, by Norman Foster, earned the structure the nickname “the spaceship.»

Logos

Apple’s first logo, designed by Jobs and Wayne, depicted Sir Isaac Newton sitting under an apple tree. Almost immediately this was replaced by Rob Janoff’s “rainbow Apple,” the now-familiar rainbow-colored silhouette of an apple with a bite taken out of it, possibly as a tribute to Isaac Newton’s discoveries of gravity (the apple), and the separation of light by prisms (the colors). This was one of several designs Janoff presented to Jobs in 1976. [62]

In 1998, with the launch of the new iMac, Apple began to use a monochromatic logo — supposedly at the insistence of recently returned Jobs — nearly identical in shape to its previous rainbow incarnation. No specific color is prescribed for the logo throughout Apple’s software and hardware line. The logo’s shape is one of the most recognized brand symbols in the world, identifies all Apple products and retail stores (the name «Apple» is not even present) and has been included as label stickers in nearly all Macintosh and iPod packages through the years.

Slogans

Apple’s first slogan, «Byte into an Apple,» was coined in the late 1970s. [63] From 1997–2002, Apple used the slogan «Think Different» in advertising campaigns. The slogan had a lasting impact on their image and revived their popularity with the media and customers. Although the slogan has been retired, it is still closely associated with Apple. [64] Apple also has slogans for specific product lines —for example, «iThink, therefore iMac,» was used in 1998 to promote the iMac, and «Say hello to iPhone» has been used in iPhone advertisements. «Hello» was also used to introduce the original Macintosh, iMac («hello (again)»), and iPod when they were announced by Steve Jobs.

Environmental record

Greenpeace, an environmentalist organization, has confronted Apple on various environmental issues, including the need to develop a global end-of-life take-back plan, non-recyclable hardware components, and toxins within the iPhone hardware. Since 2003 they have campaigned against Apple regarding their chemical policies, in particular the inclusion of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in their products. [65] In May 2007, Steve Jobs released a report announcing plans to completely eliminate PVC and BFRs by the end of 2008. [66]

The Environmental Protection Agency rated Apple highest amongst producers of notebook computers, and fairly high compared to producers of desktop computers and LCD displays. [67]

Unibody aluminum MacBooks and MacBook Pros, announced in October 2008, made major improvements in being more environmentally friendly in Apple’s notebook line.

Criticism

• The Danish Consumer Complaints Board reported a fault with Apple’s iBook line and criticized Apple’s lackluster response to the issue, indicating customer support problems at Apple. A solder joint between two components fractured after a certain number of computer restarts causing the computer to break down, usually outside Apple’s warranty period. Websites such as AppleDefects.com have been set up detailing issues on Apple’s product portfolio. [68]
• Apple was criticized for lowering the price of the iPhone by $200 just two months after its release, resulting in a flood of complaints. Apple attempted to address the complaints by offering $100 store credit to early iPhone customers. [69]
• Apple has been accused of pressuring journalists to release their sources of leaked information about new Apple products, even filing lawsuits against «John Does.» [70] In particular, Apple fought a protracted battle against the Think Secret website which resulted in a «positive solution for both sides.» No sources were revealed. [71]
• There has been criticism of the iPhone and the iPod being locked into iTunes and creating a iTunes store monopoly for these devices. [72]
• In 2006, possible sweatshop conditions were alleged to exist in factories in China where contract manufacturers make the iPod. [73] Immediately after the allegations, Apple launched an extensive investigation and worked with their manufacturers to remove all unacceptable conditions but did not find any instances of sweatshop conditions. [74]
• Apple was caught up in controversy regarding the online sales of music in the European Union where, as a single market, customers should be free to purchase goods and services from any member state. iTunes Stores there restricted users to only allow the purchase of content from the country to which their payment details originate, which also forced users in some countries to pay higher prices. On December 3, 2004 the British Office of Fair Trading referred the iTunes Music Store to the European Commission for violation of EU free-trade legislation. Apple commented that they did not believe they violated EU law, but were restricted by legal limits to the rights granted to them by the music labels and publishers. PC World commented that it appeared «the Commission’s main target is not Apple but the music companies and music rights agencies, which work on a national basis and give Apple very little choice but to offer national stores».[75]

Notes

1. ↑ Owen W. Linzmayer, Apple Confidential: The Real Story of Apple Computer, Inc. (No Starch Press, 1999, 978-1886411289).
2. ↑A Chat with Computing Pioneer Steve WozniakNPR, September 29, 2006. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
3. ↑ Steve Wozniak, Homebrew and How the Apple Came to Be, Digital Deli. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
4. ↑ Leander Kahney, Rebuilding an Apple From the PastWired. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
5. ↑Picture of original ad featuring US666.66 price Retrieved August 24, 2020.
6. ↑ Steve Wozniak, iWoz (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006, ISBN 978-0393061437), 180.
7. ↑Apple Chronology. CNN Money, January 6, 1998. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
8. ↑ Steven Weyhrich, 5-The Disk IIApple II History . Retrieved August 24, 2020.
9. ↑ Thomas Hormby, VisiCalc and the rise of the Apple II, Low End Mac, September 25, 2006. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
10. ↑ Brian Bagnall, On the Edge: The Spectacular Rise and Fall of Commodore (Variant Press, 2005, ISBN 0973864907), 109–112.
11. ↑ Joshua Coventry, Apple III Chaos: Apple’s First FailureLow End Mac, April 28, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
12. ↑ Thomas Hormby, A history of Apple’s Lisa, 1979–1986, Low End Mac, October 5, 2005. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
13. ↑ Kevin Maney, Apple’s ‘1984’ Super Bowl commercial still stands as watershed eventUSA Today, January 28, 2004. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
14. ↑ Todd Leopold, Why 2006 isn’t like ‘1984’CNN, February 3, 2006. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
15. ↑ Thomas Hormby, Good-bye Woz and Jobs: How the first Apple era ended in 1985Low End Mac, August 16, 2013. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
16. ↑ Jacci Howard Bear, The History of Desktop PublishingLifewire, December 11, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
17. ↑ 17.017.1 Thomas Hormby, Growing Apple with the Macintosh: The Sculley yearsLow End Mac, February 2, 2006. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
18. ↑ Thomas Hormby, Birth of the PowerBook: How Apple took over the portable market in 1991, Low End Mac, July 11, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
19. ↑ Steven Weyhrich, 7-The Apple IIeApple II History. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
20. ↑1990–1995: Why the World Went Windows October 14, 2006. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
21. ↑ Thomas Hormby, The Apple vs. Microsoft GUI lawsuitLow End Mac, August 25, 2006. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
22. ↑ Thomas Hormby, Michael Spindler: The Peter Principle at Apple. Low End Mac, August 17, 2013. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
23. ↑Power Macintosh 6100Apple History. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
24. ↑Microsoft and Apple Affirm Commitment to Build Next Generation Software for MacintoshMicrosoft, August 6, 1997. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
25. ↑ 25.025.1Apple Announces That 800,000 iMacs Sold/ 45% Of Buyers New To MacThe Mac Observer, January 6, 1999. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
26. ↑ Pia Sarkar, FRIENDS AND FOES / Despite squabbles, Apple and Adobe have benefited from one anotherSFGate, February 25, 2002. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
27. ↑ Greg Sandoval, Apple exhibits Final Cut Studio 2CNet, April 16, 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
28. ↑ Bryan Chaffin, Apple Shake: Apple Buys Nothing Real, A High End Compositing Software MakerThe Mac Observer, February 7, 2002. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
29. ↑ Andy Deitrich, Garage BandArs Technica, February 2, 2004. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
30. ↑Apple enjoys ongoing iPod demand, BBC News, January 18, 2006. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
31. ↑iTunes Store Tops Over Five Billion Songs SoldApple Inc., June 19, 2008. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
32. ↑ 32.032.1Apple to Use Intel Microprocessors Beginning in 2006Apple Inc., June 6, 2005. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
33. ↑AAPL surges past $100, target at $140MacNN, April 26, 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
34. ↑ Raymund Flandez, Programmers Jockey for iPhone Users at Apple SiteThe Wall Street Journal, August 5, 2008. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
35. ↑ Dan Moren, Apple Sells Over 300,000 iPads First DayMac World, April 5, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
36. ↑Apple passes Microsoft to be biggest tech companyBBC, May 27, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
37. ↑ Joshua Topolsky, iPod touch review (2010)Engadget, September 7, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
38. ↑Apple Unveils iLife 11 with New iPhoto, iMovie, GarageBandPC Magazine, October 20, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
39. ↑Apple boss Steve Jobs takes ‘medical leave’BBC News, January 17, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
40. ↑ Lauren Indvik, Apple Now World’s Most Valuable BrandMashable, May 9, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
41. ↑ Miguel Helft, Apple Unveils ‘Cloud’ Music and Storage ServiceThe New York Times, June 6, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
42. ↑ Brandon Griggs, Steve Jobs, Apple founder, diesCNN, October 5, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
43. ↑Apple Reinvents Textbooks with iBooks 2 for iPad – New iBooks Author Lets Anyone Create Stunning iBooks TextbooksApple Inc.. January 19, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
44. ↑ Daniel Ionescu, iPhone 4S Pre-Orders BeginPC World, October 7, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
45. ↑ Walter Mossberg, New iPad: a Million More Pixels Than HDTVThe Wall Street Journal, March 15, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
46. ↑ Molly Wood, The new ‘new iPad’: Lightning strikes againCNET News, October 23, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
47. ↑ David Murphy, Apple Acquires C3 Technologies, One Step Closer to New Maps AppPC Magazine, October 29, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
48. ↑Apple buys Israeli technology firm AnobitReuters, January 11, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
49. ↑Apple awarded $1bn in damages from Samsung in US courtBBC, August 25, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
50. ↑Judge strikes $450 million from $1 billion damages award in Apple v. Samsung: second trial neededFOSS Patents, March 1, 2013. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
51. ↑HTC and Apple Settle Patent DisputeApple Inc., November 10, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
52. ↑ Marguerite Reardon, Apple ships 100 millionth iPodCNet, April 10, 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
53. ↑ 53.053.1Apple Reinvents the Phone with iPhoneApple Inc., January 9, 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
54. ↑Apple Introduces the New iPhone 3GApple Inc., June 9, 2008. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
55. ↑ Peter Cohen, Apple TV untethers from Mac, price droppedMacworld, January 15, 2008. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
56. ↑iCloudApple Inc.. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
57. ↑ Leander Kahney, Apple Store: Chain of DevotionWired’, December 10, 2003. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
58. ↑ Ian Fried, Are Mac users smarter?Cnet, July 12, 2002. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
59. ↑Mac Ports, past and present Retrieved August 25, 2020.
60. ↑ Rick LePage, Opinion: Adobe’s DNA is part of AppleMacworld, September 10, 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
61. ↑ Sharon Simonson, Apple gobbles up Cupertino office spaceSan Jose Business Journal, October 2, 2005. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
62. ↑ Leander Kahney, Apple Doin’ the Logo-MotionWired, September 26, 2003. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
63. ↑Apple CompanyOperating System. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
64. ↑ Duncan Macleod, Apple Think Different CampaignPostKiwi, October 7, 2005. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
65. ↑iPhone is toxic, says GreenpeaceThe Economic Times, October 16, 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
66. ↑ Jim Dalrymple, Steve Jobs outlines plans for ‘A Greener Apple’PC World, May 1, 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
67. ↑ Bryan Chaffin, EPA Gives Apple Silver Rating on EnvironmentThe Mac Observer, January 8, 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
68. ↑ Jacqui Cheng, Quality control problems or growing pains at Apple?Ars Technica, August 9, 2006. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
69. ↑ Paul Miller, iPhone’s $100 Apple Store Credit program goes liveEngadget, September 14, 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
70. ↑Apple v. DoesElectronic Frontier Foundation, May 26, 2006. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
71. ↑ Andrew Orlowski, Apple mugs Think SecretThe Register, December 20, 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
72. ↑Time for Apple to face the music?BBC, September 19, 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
73. ↑ Mike Musgrove, Sweatshop Conditions at IPod Factory ReportedThe Washington Post, June 16, 2006. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
74. ↑Apple: No Sweatshop IPod LaborWired, August 18, 2006. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
75. ↑ Martyn Williams, European Borders Fracture iTunesPC World, April 4, 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2020.

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External links

All links retrieved October 31, 2021.

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