Darwin kernel version iphone
XNU kernel is part of the Darwin operating system for use in OS X and iOS operating systems. XNU is an acronym for XNU is Not Unix. XNU is a hybrid kernel combining the Mach kernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University with components from FreeBSD and C++ API for writing drivers called IOKit. XNU runs on I386, X86_64 for both single processor and multi-processor configurations.
XNU Source Tree
- config — configurations for exported apis for supported architecture and platform
- SETUP — Basic set of tools used for configuring the kernel, versioning and kextsymbol management.
- EXTERNAL_HEADERS — Headers sourced from other projects to avoid dependency cycles when building. These headers should be regularly synced when source is updated.
- libkern — C++ IOKit library code for handling of drivers and kexts.
- libsa — kernel bootstrap code for startup
- libsyscall — syscall library interface for userspace programs
- libkdd — source for user library for parsing kernel data like kernel chunked data.
- makedefs — top level rules and defines for kernel build.
- osfmk — Mach kernel based subsystems
- pexpert — Platform specific code like interrupt handling, atomics etc.
- security — Mandatory Access Check policy interfaces and related implementation.
- bsd — BSD subsystems code
- tools — A set of utilities for testing, debugging and profiling kernel.
How to build XNU
Building DEVELOPMENT kernel
The xnu make system can build kernel based on KERNEL_CONFIGS & ARCH_CONFIGS variables as arguments. Here is the syntax:
- : path to MacOS SDK on disk. (defaults to / )
- : can be debug , development , release , profile and configures compilation flags and asserts throughout kernel code.
- : can be valid arch to build for. (E.g. i386 or X86_64 )
To build a kernel for the same architecture as running OS, just type
Additionally, there is support for configuring architectures through ARCH_CONFIGS and kernel configurations with KERNEL_CONFIGS .
- By default, architecture is set to the build machine architecture, and the default kernel config is set to build for DEVELOPMENT.
This will also create a bootable image, kernel.[config], and a kernel binary with symbols, kernel.[config].unstripped.
To build with RELEASE kernel configuration
Building FAT kernel binary
Define architectures in your environment or when running a make command.
Other makefile options
- $ make MAKEJOBS=-j8 # this will use 8 processes during the build. The default is 2x the number of active CPUS.
- $ make -j8 # the standard command-line option is also accepted
- $ make -w # trace recursive make invocations. Useful in combination with VERBOSE=YES
- $ make BUILD_LTO=0 # build without LLVM Link Time Optimization
- $ make REMOTEBUILD=user@remotehost # perform build on remote host
- $ make BUILD_JSON_COMPILATION_DATABASE=1 # Build Clang JSON Compilation Database
The XNU build system can optionally output color-formatted build output. To enable this, you can either set the XNU_LOGCOLORS environment variable to y , or you can pass LOGCOLORS=y to the make command.
Debug information formats
By default, a DWARF debug information repository is created during the install phase; this is a «bundle» named kernel.development. .dSYM To select the older STABS debug information format (where debug information is embedded in the kernel.development.unstripped image), set the BUILD_STABS environment variable.
To test the xnu kernel, you need to build a kernelcache that links the kexts and kernel together into a single bootable image. To build a kernelcache you can use the following mechanisms:
Using automatic kernelcache generation with kextd . The kextd daemon keeps watching for changing in /System/Library/Extensions directory. So you can setup new kernel as
Manually invoking kextcache to build new kernelcache.
Running KernelCache on Target machine
The development kernel and iBoot supports configuring boot arguments so that we can safely boot into test kernel and, if things go wrong, safely fall back to previously used kernelcache. Following are the steps to get such a setup:
Create kernel cache using the kextcache command as /kernelcache.test
Copy exiting boot configurations to alternate file
Update the kernelcache and boot-args for your setup
Copy the new config to /Library/Preferences/SystemConfiguration/
Bless the volume with new configs.
The —nextonly flag specifies that use the boot.plist configs only for one boot. So if the kernel panic’s you can easily power reboot and recover back to original kernel.
Creating tags and cscope
Set up your build environment and from the top directory, run:
Coding styles (Reindenting files)
Source files can be reindented using clang-format setup in .clang-format. XNU follows a variant of WebKit style for source code formatting. Please refer to format styles at WebKit website. Further options about style options is available at clang docs
Note: clang-format binary may not be part of base installation. It can be compiled from llvm clang sources and is reachable in $PATH.
From the top directory, run:
$ make reindent # reindent all source files using clang format.
How to install a new header file from XNU
To install IOKit headers, see additional comments in iokit/IOKit/Makefile.
XNU installs header files at the following locations —
Kernel.framework is used by kernel extensions.
The System.framework and /usr/include are used by user level applications.
The header files in framework’s PrivateHeaders are only available for ** Apple Internal Development **.
The directory containing the header file should have a Makefile that creates the list of files that should be installed at different locations. If you are adding first header file in a directory, you will need to create Makefile similar to xnu/bsd/sys/Makefile.
Add your header file to the correct file list depending on where you want to install it. The default locations where the header files are installed from each file list are —
The Makefile combines the file lists mentioned above into different install lists which are used by build system to install the header files.
If the install list that you are interested does not exist, create it by adding the appropriate file lists. The default install lists, its member file lists and their default location are described below —
If you want to install the header file in a sub-directory of the paths described in (1), specify the directory name using two variables INSTALL_MI_DIR and EXPORT_MI_DIR as follows —
A single header file can exist at different locations using the steps mentioned above. However it might not be desirable to make all the code in the header file available at all the locations. For example, you want to export a function only to kernel level but not user level.
You can use C language’s pre-processor directive (#ifdef, #endif, #ifndef) to control the text generated before a header file is installed. The kernel only includes the code if the conditional macro is TRUE and strips out code for FALSE conditions from the header file.
Some pre-defined macros and their descriptions are —
How to add a new syscall
Testing the kernel
XNU kernel has multiple mechanisms for testing.
Assertions — The DEVELOPMENT and DEBUG kernel configs are compiled with assertions enabled. This allows developers to easily test invariants and conditions.
XNU Power On Self Tests ( XNUPOST ): The XNUPOST config allows for building the kernel with basic set of test functions that are run before first user space process is launched. Since XNU is hybrid between MACH and BSD, we have two locations where tests can be added.
Please follow the documentation at osfmk/tests/README.md
User level tests: The tools/tests/ directory holds all the tests that verify syscalls and other features of the xnu kernel. The make target xnu_tests can be used to build all the tests supported.
These tests are individual programs that can be run from Terminal and report tests status by means of std posix exit codes (0 -> success) and/or stdout. Please read detailed documentation in tools/tests/unit_tests/README.md
Kernel data descriptors
XNU uses different data formats for passing data in its api. The most standard way is using syscall arguments. But for complex data it often relies of sending memory saved by C structs. This packaged data transport mechanism is fragile and leads to broken interfaces between user space programs and kernel apis. libkdd directory holds user space library that can parse custom data provided by the same version of kernel. The kernel chunked data format is described in detail at libkdd/README.md.
Debugging the kernel
The xnu kernel supports debugging with a remote kernel debugging protocol (kdp). Please refer documentation at [technical note] TN2063 By default the kernel is setup to reboot on a panic. To debug a live kernel, the kdp server is setup to listen for UDP connections over ethernet. For machines without ethernet port, this behavior can be altered with use of kernel boot-args. Following are some common options.
- debug=0x144 — setups debug variables to start kdp debugserver on panic
- -v — print kernel logs on screen. By default XNU only shows grey screen with boot art.
- kdp_match_name=en1 — Override default port selection for kdp. Supported for ethernet, thunderbolt and serial debugging.
To debug a panic’ed kernel, use llvm debugger (lldb) along with unstripped symbol rich kernel binary.
And then you can connect to panic’ed machine with kdp_remote [ip addr] or gdb_remote [hostip : port] commands.
Each kernel is packaged with kernel specific debug scripts as part of the build process. For security reasons these special commands and scripts do not get loaded automatically when lldb is connected to machine. Please add the following setting to your
/.lldbinit if you wish to always load these macros.
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Question: Q: Darwin Kernel Version 16.7.0
I have recently purchased a Mac. I am totally overwhelmed and have no idea what I am doing.
I have just tried too install latest update and the whole thing has crashed. I turn it in a get a black screen which has a large error message written on it. The screen changes several times and the computer just shuts down. I have no idea what to do apart from quietly weep in the corner — please help!!
I have a screen shot of msg but cannot seem to copy it into post!!
Posted on Jan 2, 2018 11:09 AM
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We will need more than that if you want our help. Please read Writing an effective Apple Support Communities question for help. Start with collecting the relevant specs for your Mac such as the exact model — year and season.
If you wish to post a screenshot just try dragging it into the message editor. Or you can follow this procedure:
- Click on the Camera icon in the toolbar of the forum message editor.
- Drag the image onto the Choose File button and click on the Insert button.
Jan 2, 2018 11:16 AM
Jan 2, 2018 11:40 AM
And it is a 2017 Apple iMac 21.5″, Intel Core i5, 8GB RAM, 1TB HDD, Iris Plus Graphics 640, Silver
Jan 2, 2018 11:43 AM
If you purchased it new then make an appointment at the Apple Genius Bar for service. If you need to find an Apple Store — Find a Store — Apple . Within the first 14 days since the date of purchase you are entitled to request a replacement or your money back, no questions asked. Otherwise, it will be repaired if it is repairable at no cost.
Jan 2, 2018 11:52 AM
Have you installed any 3rd party software on my iMac?
If so, what did you install? NOTE: Anti-Virus is a frequent cause of kernel panics.
Can you boot into Safe mode?
This will not load any 3rd party additions, it will load some more conservative Apple drivers (may cause screen flicker), and it will clear some kernel caches (a cache is saved data in a form that can speed up a program, but is totally redundant to the original source, and thus can be safely cleared). Booting into Safe mode is just an experiment, but can often times eliminate any 3rd party interference, or a cached item out-of-sync with the world.
If you can boot into Safe mode,
can you post the Panic report?
Kernel Panic reports: Finder -> Go -> Go to Folder -> /Library/Logs/DiagnosticReports
The panic report should have » panic » in the file name.
If you can boot into Safe mode,
Please post the EtreCheck output as a «Reply» to this thread
Use the EtreCheck «Share» button to «Copy Report» (See the image below)
And then Paste in a » Reply » to this thread.
If, AND ONLY IF, you get the error:
«The message contains invalid characters»
then try posting to PasteBin.com, and give us a PasteBin URL link.
EtreCheck is a tool that helps Apple Support Community volunteers debug problems without any access to the troubled computers. Debugging problems can be a difficult task even when the machine is in front of you. Attempting it via a discussion forum is extremely difficult. EtreCheck is a great help that regards.
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Question: Q: Darwin Kernel Version 8.0.0. panic: We are hanging here.
Hi just purchased a quad 2.5 G5 from my work. It had Tiger already installed, but I wanted to partition the internal hard drive. I put in the Tiger install disc and went through the process of partitioning and restarted. Now I am getting the a black screen with a bunch of writing on it and it ends with «panic: we are hanging here. «. I’ve never come across this before in partitioning the HD, but I must have done something wrong. Any help is much appreciated!
G5, Mac OS X (10.4)
Posted on Apr 13, 2009 6:56 PM
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You have a kernel panic.
After you partitioned, did you reinstall Tiger?
Or, did you just try to partition?
Can you boot to the OS X install disc?
Apr 13, 2009 7:46 PM
I cannot boot to the install disc, which is still stuck in the tray. I’ve tried removing some RAM, but that doesn’t seem to help. As soon as I boot up I get a black screen with the kernel panic. Any help will be much appreciated!!
Apr 13, 2009 7:49 PM
Apr 13, 2009 7:52 PM
Apr 13, 2009 7:57 PM
The Tiger disc is a retail disc (Black with a Silver X)?
Or, is it from the original OS install discs (gray)?
Put the hard drive back in.
Try a Safe Mode boot (hold Shift while starting).
Try a boot to Single User (Command+S) while starting.
In Single User, use the instructions listed for fsck on this page:
http://support.apple.com/kb/TS1417
What are the results from either of these?
Apr 13, 2009 8:06 PM
The Tiger disc is a retail disc.
I’ll try these two things and let you know shortly.
Thanks again for the help, I really do appreciate.
Apr 13, 2009 8:08 PM
I tried holding down shift at start up, but I still got the panic, though there wasn’t as much text on the screen this time.
Command+S gave me the kernel panic again as well.
Any other ideas?
Apr 13, 2009 8:11 PM
Is the Tiger disc 10.4.2 or later? If so, fine. If earlier, that is the problem.
Currently, all connected hardware should be the keyboard, mouse and monitor only. The keyboard and mouse should be Apple.
Do you have the original install discs? They should accompany the machine, as they are of no use to any other machine other than the Quad.
If you have the original install disc set, there is one with the Apple Hardware Test on it.
You need to boot to that and run the AHT.
If you can’t get the Tiger disc out of the optical drive, pry the slot cover open on the tower, and locate a small hole in the front of the optical drive. Insert a straightened paper clip to eject the tray manually.
Insert the AHT disc, hold C while starting, and run the full set of hardware tests.
If possible, I need you to read the text in the panic report, and look for the type of panic; «data access» «unaligned frame», «frame not mapped», etc., and look for the word «Backtrace», and note the lines immediately after «Backtrace».
Apr 13, 2009 8:19 PM
Okay, it looks like it’s a data access panic. It says:
«panic(cpu 0 caller 0xFFFF0003): 0x300 — Data access».
I’ve also located the word «backtrace» a number of times. The first one says:
«Latest stack backtrace for cpu 0: Backtrace: 0x00095565 0x00095A7C 0x00026838 0x000A8184 0x000AB880».
I do not have the original install discs as my work did not have them. I do have an older G5 and I have the 10.3.2 install discs for those. Could I use those and then upgrade to Tiger? I’m pretty positive my install disc for Tiger is for 10.0.
And I currently have only a mouse, keyboard, and monitor connected.
Apr 13, 2009 8:29 PM
Apr 13, 2009 8:33 PM
Using an OS version earlier than that which is compatible in your machine is why you have this problem.
You need Tiger 10.4.2 or later.
Earlier versions, and discs from other machines will not work.
Get a retail Tiger 10.4.3 (or later) or get Leopard 10.5.6 (current retail version), or get the original discs from work.
Apr 13, 2009 8:38 PM
Apr 13, 2009 8:38 PM
Only the original discs have the AHT.
If you can’t get the original disc set, then contact Apple Support to see if they can provide replacement.
Your problem should be solved simply by inserting an OS X install disc of the proper version into the optical drive.
The hard drive, in the partitioning process, has lost the previous installation.
You will need to get the appropriate retail disc (anything later than 10.4.2). Boot to the OS disc, and in the window after language selection, use Disk Utility to partition and format the drive. Then, install the OS.
Apr 13, 2009 8:43 PM
Thanks for all your help. I really appreciate it.
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