Java app run android phone

HOWTO: Running Java code directly on Android (without creating an APK)

A step by step instruction for compiling a Java program into Android executable and using ADB to run it.

When you want to create a system / commandline tool for Android, you have to write it in C(++)… or do you?

TLDR; here’s the final proof of concept.

Sticking with Java would have the benefit of avoiding all of the native ABI hassle and also being able to call into the Android runtime. So how do we do that?

A (not so) simple Hello World program

Let’s start with the Java program we want to run. In order to make it a bit more interesting (and because any useful program has dependencies), it won’t just print the obligatory “Hello World” message, but also use the Apache Commons CLI library to parse its commandline arguments:

Setting up the working directory

We will have to manually run several commandline tools in the next step, assuming the following final directory structure:

Start by creating an empty directory in a convenient place. Download and unpack the following items there:

• Android SDK (either via Android Studio or the SDK Manager). NOTE: If you are an Android developer, you’ll have the Android SDK already installed. In that case, you don’t actually need to copy it to the working directory as long as you know the path to the dx tool.
• Apache Commons CLI library v1.3.1

Afterwards copy&paste the HelloWorld code from above into the source folder. You might also find my semantic version parser class useful later on (not required here, though).

Compiling and dexing the Java class

Next step is to compile the java class (keep in mind that Android is stuck with Java 7 — bytecode for later versions won’t work). In case you are not used to doing this outside of an IDE, here’s the command:

Make sure the program compiled properly:

Android cannot run Java class files directly. They have to be converted to Dalvik’s DEX format first (yes, even if you are using ART):

NOTE: Android Build Tools v28.0.2 and later contain a dx upgrade, called d8 . The d8 tool can process Java 8 class files. I’ll stick with dx for backwards compatibility reasons here.

Creating the startup shellscript

Android does not have a (normal) JRE, so JAR files cannot be started the same way as on a PC. You need a shellscript wrapper to do this. Copy&paste the one below to the workspace.

NOTE: DEX files can also be started directly using the dalvikvm command, but going through app_process gives us a pre-warmed VM from the Zygote process (it is also the method employed by framework commands like pm and am ).

Installing and running the (non-) app

Time to push everything to the device:

Moment of truth (fingers crossed):

NOTE: Since nothing was installed into the system, getting rid of the program is simply done by deleting the directory again.

It works, but how do I get a Context?!

Contexts represent an environment that is associated with an app (which we explicitly did not build) and are also device dependant. They can only be created by the ActivityThread class (a hidden system class that you cannot instantiate). If you want to interact with the Android runtime, you have to talk to the system services directly through their Binder interfaces. But that’s a topic for another article.

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Пишем первое приложение для Android

В любом деле самое сложное — это начало. Часто бывает тяжело войти в контекст, с чем столкнулся и я, решив разработать свое первое Android-приложение. Настоящая статья для тех, кто хочет начать, но не знает с чего.

Статья затронет весь цикл разработки приложения. Вместе мы напишем простенькую игру “Крестики-Нолики” с одним экраном (в ОС Android это называется Activity).

Отсутствие опыта разработки на языке Java не должно стать препятствием в освоении Android. Так, в примерах не будут использоваться специфичные для Java конструкции (или они будет минимизированы на столько, на сколько это возможно). Если Вы пишете, например, на PHP и знакомы с основополагающими принципами в разработке ПО, эта статья будет вам наиболее полезна. В свою очередь так как, я не являюсь экспертом по разработке на Java, можно предположить, что исходный код не претендует на лейбл “лучшие практики разработки на Java”.

Установка необходимых программ и утилит

Перечислю необходимые инструменты. Их 3:

1. JDK — набор для разработки на языке Java;
2. Android SDK and AVD Manager — набор утилит для разработки + эмулятор;
3. IDE c поддержкой разработки для Android:
   • Eclipse + ADT plugin;
   • IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition;
   • Netbeans + nbandroid plugin;

Утилиты устанавливаются в определенном выше порядке. Ставить все перечисленные IDE смысла нет (разве только если Вы испытываете затруднения с выбором подходящей). Я использую IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition, одну из самых развитых на данный момент IDE для Java.

Запуск виртуального устройства

Запустив AVD Manager и установив дополнительные пакеты (SDK различных версий), можно приступить к созданию виртуального устройства с необходимыми параметрами. Разобраться в интерфейсе не должно составить труда.

Список устройств

Создание проекта

Мне всегда не терпится приступить к работе, минимизируя подготовительные мероприятия, к которым относится создание проекта в IDE, особенно, когда проект учебный и на продакшн не претендует.

Итак, File->New Project:

По нажатию кнопки F6 проект соберется, откомпилируется и запустится на виртуальном девайсе.

Структура проекта

На предыдущем скриншоте видна структура проекта. Так как в этой статье мы преследуем сугубо практические цели, заострим внимание лишь на тех папках, которые будем использовать в процессе работы. Это следующие каталоги: gen, res и src.

В папке gen находятся файлы, которые генерируются автоматически при сборке проекта. Вручную их менять нельзя.

Папка res предназначена для хранения ресурсов, таких как картинки, тексты (в том числе переводы), значения по-умолчанию, макеты (layouts).

src — это папка в которой будет происходить основная часть работы, ибо тут хранятся файлы с исходными текстами нашей программы.

Первые строки

Как только создается Activity (экран приложения), вызывается метод onCreate(). IDE заполнила его 2 строчками:

Метод setContentView (равносильно this.setContentView) устанавливает xml-макет для текущего экрана. Далее xml-макеты будем называть «layout», а экраны — «Activity». Layout в приложении будет следующий:

Для этого приложения идеально подойдет TableLayout. Id можно присвоить любому ресурсу. В данном случае, TableLayout присвоен При помощи метода findViewById() можно получить доступ к виду:

Теперь необходимо реализовать метод buildGameField(). Для этого требуется сгенерировать поле в виде матрицы. Этим будет заниматься класс Game. Сначала нужно создать класс Square для ячеек и класс Player, объекты которого будут заполнять эти ячейки.

Square.java

Player.java

Все классы нашего приложения находятся в папке src.

Game.java

Инициализация Game в конструкторе KrestikinolikiActivity.

Метод buildGameField() класса KrestikinolikiActivity. Он динамически добавляет строки и колонки в таблицу (игровое поле):

В строке 8 создается объект, реализующий интерфейс View.OnClickListener. Создадим вложенный класс Listener. Он будет виден только из KrestikinolikiActivity.

Осталось реализовать логику игры.

Определение победителя

К. О. подсказывает, что в крестики-нолики выирывает тот, кто выстроет X или O в линию длиной, равной длине поля по-вертикали, или по-горизонтали, или по-диагонали. Первая мысль, которая приходит в голову — это написать методы для каждого случая. Думаю, в этом случае хорошо подойдет паттерн Chain of Responsobility. Определим интерфейс

Так как Game наделен обязанностью выявлять победителя, он реализует этот интерфейс. Настало время создать виртуальных «лайнсменов», каждый из которых будет проверять свою сторону. Все они реализует интерфейс WinnerCheckerInterface.

WinnerCheckerHorizontal.java

WinnerCheckerVertical.java

WinnerCheckerDiagonalLeft.java

WinnerCheckerDiagonalRight.java

Проинициализируем их в конструкторе Game:

Победителя проверяем после каждого хода. Добавим кода в метод onClick() класса Listener

Метод gameOver() реализован в 2-х вариантах:

Для Java, gameOver(Player player) и gameOver() — разные методы. Воспользовавшись Builder’ом Toast.makeText, можно быстро создать и показать уведомление. refresh() обновляет состояние поля:

Готово! Надеюсь, эта статья помогла Вам освоиться в мире разработки под OS Android. Благодарю за внимание!

Видео готового приложения

PS: статья была опубликована по просьбе комментаторов этого поста.

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Build and run your app

Android Studio sets up new projects to deploy to the Android Emulator or a connected device with just a few clicks. Once your app is installed, you can use Apply Changes to deploy certain code and resource changes without building a new APK.

To build and run your app, follow these steps:

In the toolbar, select your app from the run configurations drop-down menu.

From the target device drop-down menu, select the device that you want to run your app on.

If you don’t have any devices configured, then you need to either connect a device via USB or create an AVD to use the Android Emulator.

Click Run .

Change the run/debug configuration

When you run your app for the first time, Android Studio uses a default run configuration. The run configuration specifies whether to deploy your app from an APK or an Android App Bundle, the module to run, package to deploy, activity to start, target device, emulator settings, logcat options, and more.

The default run/debug configuration builds an APK, launches the default project activity, and uses the Select Deployment Target dialog for target device selection. If the default settings don’t suit your project or module, you can customize the run/debug configuration, or even create a new one, at the project, default, and module levels. To edit a run/debug configuration, select Run > Edit Configurations. For more information, see Create and Edit Run/Debug Configurations.

Change the build variant

By default, Android Studio builds the debug version of your app, which is intended for use only during development, when you click Run.

To change the build variant Android Studio uses, select Build > Select Build Variant in the menu bar.

For projects without native/C++ code, the Build Variants panel has two columns: Module and Active Build Variant. The Active Build Variant value for the module determines which build variant the IDE deploys to your connected device and is visible in the editor.

Figure 1. The Build Variants panel has two columns for projects that do not have native/C++ code

To switch between variants, click the Active Build Variant cell for a module and choose the desired variant from the list field.

For projects with native/C++ code, the Build Variants panel has three columns: Module, Active Build Variant, and Active ABI. The Active Build Variant value for the module determines the build variant that the IDE deploys to your device and is visible in the editor. For native modules, the Active ABI value determines the ABI that the editor uses, but does not impact what is deployed.

Figure 2. The Build Variants panel adds the Active ABI column for projects with native/C++ code

To change the build variant or ABI, click the cell for the Active Build Variant or Active ABI column and choose the desired variant or ABI from the list. After you change the selection, the IDE syncs your project automatically. Changing either column for an app or library module will apply the change to all dependent rows.

By default, new projects are set up with two build variants: a debug and release variant. You need to build the release variant to prepare your app for public release.

To build other variations of your app, each with different features or device requirements, you can define additional build variants.

Conflicts in Android Studio’s Build Variants dialog

In Android Studio’s Build Variants dialog, you might see error messages indicating conflicts between build variants, such as the following:

This error does not indicate a build issue with Gradle – it is only indicating that the Android Studio IDE itself cannot resolve symbols between the variants of the selected modules.

For example, if you have a module M1 that depends on variant v1 of module M2 , but M2 has variant v2 selected in the IDE, you have unresolved symbols in the IDE. Let’s say that M1 depends on a class Foo which is only available in v1 . When v2 is selected, that class is not known by the IDE and it will fail to resolve it and show errors in the code of M1 .

These error messages appear because the IDE cannot load code for multiple variants simultaneously. In terms of your app’s build, however, the variant selected in this dialog will have no effect because Gradle builds your app with the source code specified in your Gradle build recipes, not based on what’s currently loaded in the IDE.

Build your project

The Run button builds and deploys your app to a device. However, to build your app to share or upload to Google Play, you’ll need to use one of the options in the Build menu to compile parts or all of your project. Before you select any of the build options listed in table 1, make sure you first select the build variant you want to use.

Table 1. Build options in the Build menu.

Builds an APK of all modules in the current project for their selected variant. When the build completes, a confirmation notification appears, providing a link to the APK file and a link to analyze it in the APK Analyzer.

If the build variant you’ve selected is a debug build type, then the APK is signed with a debug key and it’s ready to install. If you’ve selected a release variant, then, by default, the APK is unsigned and you must manually sign the APK. Alternatively, you can select Build > Generate Signed Bundle / APK from the menu bar.

Android Studio saves the APKs you build in project-name / module-name /build/outputs/apk/ .

Builds an Android App Bundle of all modules in the current project for their selected variant. When the build completes, a confirmation notification appears, providing a link to the app bundle and a link to analyze it in the APK Analyzer.

If the build variant you’ve selected is a debug build type, then the app bundle is signed with a debug key, and you can use bundletool to deploy your app from the app bundle to a connected device. If you’ve selected a release variant, then the app bundle is unsigned by default and you must manually sign it using jarsigner . Alternatively, you can select Build > Generate Signed Bundle / APK from the menu bar.

Android Studio saves the APKs you build in project-name / module-name /build/outputs/bundle/ .

Menu Item	Description
Make Module	Compiles all source files in the selected module that have been modified since the last build, and all modules the selected module depends on recursively. The compilation includes dependent source files and any associated build tasks. You can select the module to build by selecting either the module name or one of its files in the Project window.
Make Project	Makes all modules.
Clean Project	Deletes all intermediate/cached build files.
Rebuild Project	Runs Clean Project for the selected build variant and produces an APK.
Build Bundle(s) / APK(s) > Build APK(s)
Build Bundle(s) / APK(s) > Build Bundle(s)
Brings up a dialog with a wizard to set up a new signing configuration, and build either a signed app bundle or APK. You need to sign your app with a release key before you can upload it to the Play Console. For more information about app signing, see Sign your app.

Note: The Run button builds an APK with testOnly=»true» , which means the APK can only be installed via adb (which Android Studio uses). If you want a debuggable APK that people can install without adb, select your debug variant and click Build Bundle(s) / APK(s) > Build APK(s).

For details about the tasks that Gradle executes for each command, open the Build window as described in the next section. For more information about Gradle and the build process, see Configure Your Build.

Monitor the build process

You can view details about the build process by clicking View > Tool Windows > Build (or by clicking Build in the tool window bar). The window displays the tasks that Gradle executes in order to build your app, as shown in figure 3.

Figure 3. The Build output window in Android Studio

Build tab: Displays the tasks Gradle executes as a tree, where each node represents either a build phase or a group of task dependencies. If you receive build-time or compile-time errors, inspect the tree and select an element to read the error output, as shown in figure 4.

Figure 4. Inspect the Build output window for error messages

Sync tab: Displays tasks that Gradle executes to sync with your project files. Similar to the Build tab, if you encounter a sync error, select elements in the tree to find more information about the error.

Restart: Performs the same action as selecting Build > Make Project by generating intermediate build files for all modules in your project.

Toggle view: Toggles between displaying task execution as a graphical tree and displaying more detailed text output from Gradle—this is the same output you see in the Gradle Console window on Android Studio 3.0 and earlier.

If your build variants use product flavors, Gradle also invokes tasks to build those product flavors. To view the list of all available build tasks, click View > Tool Windows > Gradle (or click Gradle in the tool window bar).

If an error occurs during the build process, Gradle may recommend some command-line options to help you resolve the issue, such as —stacktrace or —debug . To use command-line options with your build process:

1. Open the Settings or Preferences dialog:
   • On Windows or Linux, select File >Settings from the menu bar.
   • On Mac OSX, select Android Studio >Preferences from the menu bar.
2. Navigate to Build, Execution, Deployment >Compiler.
3. In the text field next to Command-line Options, enter your command-line options.
4. Click OK to save and exit.

Gradle applies these command-line options the next time you try building your app.

Apply Changes

In Android Studio 3.5 and higher, Apply Changes lets you push code and resource changes to your running app without restarting your app—and, in some cases, without restarting the current activity. This flexibility helps you control how much of your app is restarted when you want to deploy and test small, incremental changes while preserving your device’s current state. Apply Changes uses capabilities in the Android JVMTI implementation that are supported on devices running Android 8.0 (API level 26) or higher. To learn more about how Apply Changes works, see Android Studio Project Marble: Apply Changes.

Requirements

Apply Changes actions are only available when you meet the following conditions:

• You build the APK of your app using a debug build variant.
• You deploy your app to a target device or emulator that runs Android 8.0 (API level 26) or higher.

Use Apply Changes

Use the following options when you want to deploy your changes to a compatible device:

Apply Changes and Restart Activity

Attempts to apply both your resource and code changes by restarting your activity but without restarting your app. Generally, you can use this option when you’ve modified code in the body of a method or modified an existing resource.

You can also perform this action by pressing Ctrl+Alt+F10 (or Control+Shift+Command+R on macOS).

Apply Code Changes

Attempts to apply only your code changes without restarting anything. Generally, you can use this option when you’ve modified code in the body of a method but you have not modified any resources. If you’ve modified both code and resources, use Apply Changes and Restart Activity instead.

You can also perform this action by pressing Ctrl+F10 (or Control+Command+R on macOS).

Run

Deploys all changes and restarts the app. Use this option when the changes that you have made cannot be applied using either of the Apply Changes options. To learn more about the types of changes that require an app restart, see Limitations of Apply Changes.

Enable Run fallback for Apply Changes

After you’ve clicked either Apply Changes and Restart Activity or Apply Code Changes, Android Studio builds a new APK and determines whether the changes can be applied. If the changes can’t be applied and would cause Apply Changes to fail, Android Studio prompts you to Run your app again instead. However, if you don’t want to be prompted every time this occurs, you can configure Android Studio to automatically rerun your app when changes can’t be applied.

To enable this behavior, follow these steps:

Open the Settings or Preferences dialog:

• On Windows or Linux, select File > Settings from the menu bar.
• On macOS, select Android Studio > Preferences from the menu bar.

Navigate to Build, Execution, Deployment > Deployment.

Select the checkboxes to enable automatic Run fallback for either of the Apply Changes actions.

Click OK.

Platform-dependent changes

Some features of Apply Changes depend on specific versions of the Android platform. To apply these kinds of changes, your app must be deployed to a device running that version of Android (or higher).

Type of change	Minimum platform version
Adding a method	Android 11

Limitations of Apply Changes

Apply Changes is designed to speed up the app deployment process. However, there are some limitations for when it can be used. If you encounter any issues while using Apply Changes, file a bug.

Code changes that require app restart

Some code and resource changes cannot be applied until the app is restarted, including the following:

• Adding or removing a field
• Removing a method
• Changing method signatures
• Changing modifiers of methods or classes
• Changing class inheritance
• Changing values in enums
• Adding or removing a resource
• Changing the app manifest
• Changing native libraries (SO files)

Libraries and plugins

Some libraries and plugins automatically make changes to your app’s manifest files or to resources that are referenced in the manifest. These automatic updates can interfere with Apply Changes in the following ways:

• If a library or plugin makes changes to your app’s manifest, you can’t use either Apply Code Changes or Apply Changes and Restart Activity and have to restart your app before you can see your changes.
• If a library or plugin makes changes to your app’s resource files, you can’t use Apply Code Changes , and you must use Apply Changes and Restart Activity to see your changes.

You can avoid these limitations by disabling all automatic updates for your debug build variants.

For example, Crashlytics updates app resources with a unique build ID during every build, which prevents you from using Apply Code Changes and requires you to restart your app’s activity to see your changes. You can disable this behavior so that you can use Apply Code Changes alongside Crashlytics with your debug builds.

Code that directly references content in an installed APK

If your code directly references content from your app’s APK that’s installed on the device, that code can cause crashes or misbehave after clicking Apply Code Changes . This behavior occurs because when you click Apply Code Changes, the underlying APK on the device is replaced during installation. In these cases, you can click Apply Changes and Restart Activity or Run , instead.

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