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Understanding Android API levels

Xamarin.Android has several Android API level settings that determine your app’s compatibility with multiple versions of Android. This guide explains what these settings mean, how to configure them, and what effect they have on your app at run time.

Quick start

Xamarin.Android exposes three Android API level project settings:

Target Framework – Specifies which framework to use in building your application. This API level is used at compile time by Xamarin.Android.

Minimum Android Version – Specifies the oldest Android version that you want your app to support. This API level is used at run time by Android.

Target Android Version – Specifies the version of Android that your app is intended to run on. This API level is used at run time by Android.

Before you can configure an API level for your project, you must install the SDK platform components for that API level. For more information about downloading and installing Android SDK components, see Android SDK Setup.

Beginning in August 2020, the Google Play Console requires that new apps target API level 29 (Android 10.0) or higher. Existing apps are required to target API level 29 or higher beginning in November 2020. For more information, see Target API level requirements for the Play Console in «Create and set up your app» in the Play Console documentation.

Normally, all three Xamarin.Android API levels are set to the same value. On the Application page, set Compile using Android version (Target Framework) to the latest stable API version (or, at a minimum, to the Android version that has all of the features you need). In the following screenshot, the Target Framework is set to Android 7.1 (API Level 25 — Nougat):

On the Android Manifest page, set the Minimum Android version to Use Compile using SDK version and set the Target Android version to the same value as the Target Framework version (in the following screenshot, the Target Android Framework is set to Android 7.1 (Nougat)):

If you want to maintain backward compatibility with an earlier version of Android, set Minimum Android version to target to the oldest version of Android that you want your app to support. (Note that API Level 14 is the minimum API level required for Google Play services and Firebase support.) The following example configuration supports Android versions from API Level 14 through API level 25:

Normally, all three Xamarin.Android API levels are set to the same value. Set Target framework to the latest stable API version (or, at a minimum, to the Android version that has all of the features you need). To set the Target framework, navigate to Build > General in the Project Options. In the following screenshot, the Target Framework is set to Use the latest installed platform (8.0):

The Minimum and Target Android version settings can be found under Build > Android Application in Project Options. Set the Minimum Android version to Automatic — use target framework version and set the Target Android version to the same value as the Target Framework version. In the following screenshot, the Target Android Framework is set to Android 8.0 (API level 26) to match the Target Framework setting above:

If you want to maintain backward compatibility with an earlier version of Android, change Minimum Android version to the oldest version of Android that you want your app to support. Note that API Level 14 is the minimum API level required for Google Play services and Firebase support. For example, the following configuration supports Android versions as early as API Level 14:

If your app supports multiple Android versions, your code must include runtime checks to ensure that your app works with the Minimum Android version setting (see Runtime Checks for Android Versions below for details). If you are consuming or creating a library, see API Levels and Libraries below for best practices in configuring API level settings for libraries.

Android versions and API levels

As the Android platform evolves and new Android versions are released, each Android version is assigned a unique integer identifier, called the API Level. Therefore, each Android version corresponds to a single Android API Level. Because users install apps on older as well as the most recent versions of Android, real-world Android apps must be designed to work with multiple Android API levels.

Android versions

Each release of Android goes by multiple names:

• The Android version, such as Android 9.0
• A code (or dessert) name, such as Pie
• A corresponding API level, such as API level 28

An Android code name may correspond to multiple versions and API levels (as seen in the table below), but each Android version corresponds to exactly one API level.

In addition, Xamarin.Android defines build version codes that map to the currently known Android API levels. The following table can help you translate between API level, Android version, code name, and Xamarin.Android build version code (build version codes are defined in the Android.OS namespace):

As this table indicates, new Android versions are released frequently – sometimes more than one release per year. As a result, the universe of Android devices that might run your app includes of a wide variety of older and newer Android versions. How can you guarantee that your app will run consistently and reliably on so many different versions of Android? Android’s API levels can help you manage this problem.

Android API levels

Each Android device runs at exactly one API level – this API level is guaranteed to be unique per Android platform version. The API level precisely identifies the version of the API set that your app can call into; it identifies the combination of manifest elements, permissions, etc. that you code against as a developer. Android’s system of API levels helps Android determine whether an application is compatible with an Android system image prior to installing the application on a device.

When an application is built, it contains the following API level information:

The target API level of Android that the app is built to run on.

The minimum Android API level that an Android device must have to run your app.

These settings are used to ensure that the functionality needed to run the app correctly is available on the Android device at installation time. If not, the app is blocked from running on that device. For example, if the API level of an Android device is lower than the minimum API level that you specify for your app, the Android device will prevent the user from installing your app.

Project API level settings

The following sections explain how to use the SDK Manager to prepare your development environment for the API levels you want to target, followed by detailed explanations of how to configure Target Framework, Minimum Android version, and Target Android version settings in Xamarin.Android.

Android SDK platforms

Before you can select a Target or Minimum API level in Xamarin.Android, you must install the Android SDK platform version that corresponds to that API level. The range of available choices for Target Framework, Minimum Android version, and Target Android version is limited to the range of Android SDK versions that you have installed. You can use the SDK Manager to verify that the required Android SDK versions are installed, and you can use it to add any new API levels that you need for your app. If you are not familiar with how to install API levels, see Android SDK Setup.

Target Framework

The Target Framework (also known as compileSdkVersion ) is the specific Android framework version (API level) that your app is compiled for at build time. This setting specifies what APIs your app expects to use when it runs, but it has no effect on which APIs are actually available to your app when it is installed. As a result, changing the Target Framework setting does not change runtime behavior.

The Target Framework identifies which library versions your application is linked against – this setting determines which APIs you can use in your app. For example, if you want to use the NotificationBuilder.SetCategory method that was introduced in Android 5.0 Lollipop, you must set the Target Framework to API Level 21 (Lollipop) or later. If you set your project’s Target Framework to an API level such as API Level 19 (KitKat) and try to call the SetCategory method in your code, you will get a compile error.

We recommend that you always compile with the latest available Target Framework version. Doing so provides you with helpful warning messages for any deprecated APIs that might be called by your code. Using the latest Target Framework version is especially important when you use the latest support library releases – each library expects your app to be compiled at that support library’s minimum API level or greater.

To access the Target Framework setting in Visual Studio, open the project properties in Solution Explorer and select the Application page:

Set the Target Framework by selecting an API level in the drop-down menu under Compile using Android version as shown above.

To access the Target Framework setting in Visual Studio for Mac, right-click the project name and select Options; this opens the Project Options dialog. In this dialog, navigate to Build > General as shown here:

Set the Target Framework by selecting an API level in the drop-down menu to the right of Target framework as shown above.

Minimum Android Version

The Minimum Android version (also known as minSdkVersion ) is the oldest version of the Android OS (i.e., the lowest API level) that can install and run your application. By default, an app can only be installed on devices matching the Target Framework setting or higher; if the Minimum Android version setting is lower than the Target Framework setting, your app can also run on earlier versions of Android. For example, if you set the Target Framework to Android 7.1 (Nougat) and set the Minimum Android version to Android 4.0.3 (Ice Cream Sandwich), your app can be installed on any platform from API level 15 to API level 25, inclusive.

Although your app may successfully build and install on this range of platforms, this does not guarantee that it will successfully run on all of these platforms. For example, if your app is installed on Android 5.0 (Lollipop) and your code calls an API that is available only in Android 7.1 (Nougat) and newer, your app will get a runtime error and possibly crash. Therefore, your code must ensure – at runtime – that it calls only those APIs that are supported by the Android device that it is running on. In other words, your code must include explicit runtime checks to ensure that your app uses newer APIs only on devices that are recent enough to support them. Runtime Checks for Android Versions, later in this guide, explains how to add these runtime checks to your code.

To access the Minimum Android version setting in Visual Studio, open the project properties in Solution Explorer and select the Android Manifest page. In the drop-down menu under Minimum Android version you can select the Minimum Android version for your application:

If you select Use Compile using SDK version, the Minimum Android version will be the same as the Target Framework setting.

To access the Minimum Android version in Visual Studio for Mac, right-click the project name and select Options; this opens the Project Options dialog. Navigate to Build > Android Application. Using the drop-down menu to the right of Minimum Android version, you can set the Minimum Android version for your application:

If you select Automatic – use target framework version, the Minimum Android version will be the same as the Target Framework setting.

Target Android Version

The Target Android Version (also known as targetSdkVersion ) is the API level of the Android device where the app expects to run. Android uses this setting to determine whether to enable any compatibility behaviors – this ensures that your app continues to work the way you expect. Android uses the Target Android version setting of your app to figure out which behavior changes can be applied to your app without breaking it (this is how Android provides forward compatibility).

The Target Framework and the Target Android version, while having very similar names, are not the same thing. The Target Framework setting communicates target API level information to Xamarin.Android for use at compile time, while the Target Android version communicates target API level information to Android for use at run time (when the app is installed and running on a device).

To access this setting in Visual Studio, open the project properties in Solution Explorer and select the Android Manifest page. In the drop-down menu under Target Android version you can select the Target Android version for your application:

We recommend that you explicitly set the Target Android version to the latest version of Android that you use to test your app. Ideally, it should be set to the latest Android SDK version – this allows you to use new APIs prior to working through the behavior changes. For most developers, we do not recommend setting the Target Android version to Use Compile using SDK version.

To access this setting in Visual Studio for Mac, right-click the project name and select Options; this opens the Project Options dialog. Navigate to Build > Android Application. Using the drop-down menu to the right of Target Android version, you can set the Target Android version for your application:

We recommend that you explicitly set the Target Android version to the latest version of Android that you use to test your app. Ideally, it should be set to the latest available Android SDK version – this allows you to use new APIs prior to working through the behavior changes. For most developers, we do not recommend setting the Target Android version to Automatic — use target framework version.

In general, the Target Android Version should be bounded by the Minimum Android Version and the Target Framework. That is:

Minimum Android Version Android.OS.Build.VERSION.SdkInt property to determine the API level of the platform the app is running on. If the API level is lower than the Minimum Android version that supports the API you want to call, then your code has to find a way to function properly without making this API call.